Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, France's road diesel supply was 2,597 kt: 50% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United States (19%) and Saudi Arabia (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the United States (11%), Kazakhstan (9%) and Norway (6%), and 44% cannot be traced.
Country
United States283 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan241 kt (est. 9%)Norway160 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria158 kt (est. 6%)Libya105 kt (est. 4%)Iraq104 kt (est. 4%)Algeria104 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins295 kt (est. 11%)United States: no crude data491 kt (19%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data489 kt (19%)Smaller flows: no crude data41 kt (2%)France: crude not from imports36 kt (1%)India: no crude data32 kt (1%)Kuwait: no crude data26 kt (1%)Origin not reported: crude unknown20 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)France (own refineries)1.30 Mt (50%)United States491 kt (19%)Saudi Arabia489 kt (19%)Spain94 kt (4%)Netherlands44 kt (2%)Belgium43 kt (2%)India32 kt (1%)Kuwait26 kt (1%)Germany20 kt (<1%)Malaysia16 kt (<1%)Other suppliers25 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported20 kt (<1%)France: road diesel supply2.60 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- France (own refineries)
- United States
- Saudi Arabia
- Spain
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- India
- Kuwait
- Other (6)
- United States283 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan241 kt (est. 9%)
- Norway160 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria158 kt (est. 6%)
- Libya105 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq104 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria104 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins295 kt (est. 11%)
- United States: no crude data491 kt (19%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data489 kt (19%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data41 kt (2%)
- France: crude not from imports36 kt (1%)
- India: no crude data32 kt (1%)
- Kuwait: no crude data26 kt (1%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown20 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported9.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2025)
41.0 thousand tonnes
2% of France's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Other suppliers25 kt (61%)
- Malaysia16 kt (39%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| France (own refineries) | France: road diesel supply | 1,297,000 | 49.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United States | France: road diesel supply | 491,000 | 18.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | France: road diesel supply | 489,000 | 18.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | France: road diesel supply | 94,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | France: road diesel supply | 44,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | France: road diesel supply | 43,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | France: road diesel supply | 32,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | France: road diesel supply | 26,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | France: road diesel supply | 25,000 | 1.0% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| Germany | France: road diesel supply | 20,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | France: road diesel supply | 20,000 | 0.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Malaysia | France: road diesel supply | 16,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States: no crude data | United States | 491,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 489,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | France (own refineries) | 251,554 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France (own refineries) | 220,725 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France (own refineries) | 217,754 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France (own refineries) | 142,984 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France (own refineries) | 136,224 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France (own refineries) | 98,123 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France (own refineries) | 97,098 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France (own refineries) | 94,333 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to France split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 46,828 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| France: crude not from imports | France (own refineries) | 36,258 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| India: no crude data | India | 32,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 25,000 | 300.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 20,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Malaysia | 16,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain | 14,824 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 14,447 | 33.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,435 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 10,056 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 9,972 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 9,625 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 9,201 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 7,802 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 6,490 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 6,190 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 5,217 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 5,059 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 5,000 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,191 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 3,873 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3,524 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 2,827 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,771 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,767 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,707 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,573 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,553 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,422 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to France split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France (own refineries) | 1,946 | 0.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,644 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 1,523 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 1,175 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to France split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,158 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1,009 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 539 | 0.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 504 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Germany | 465 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to France split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 462 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 92 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 77 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to France split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: France’s supply of road diesel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United States: no crude data (491,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (489,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (41,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- France: crude not from imports (36,258 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- India: no crude data (32,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (26,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (20,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (9,668 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,504 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (20,000 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.