Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Greece's road diesel supply was 599 kt: 92% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Iraq (33%), Kazakhstan (26%) and Libya (15%), and 6% cannot be traced.
Country
Iraq195 kt (est. 33%)Kazakhstan158 kt (est. 26%)Libya91 kt (est. 15%)Norway50 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia45 kt (est. 8%)Egypt15 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan2.6 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins5.0 kt (est. <1%)United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (3%)Türkiye: no crude data8.1 kt (1%)Greece: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Greece (own refineries)554 kt (92%)United Kingdom18 kt (3%)Italy15 kt (3%)Türkiye8.1 kt (1%)Saudi Arabia4.1 kt (<1%)Greece: road diesel supply599 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Greece (own refineries)
- United Kingdom
- Italy
- Türkiye
- Saudi Arabia
- Iraq195 kt (est. 33%)
- Kazakhstan158 kt (est. 26%)
- Libya91 kt (est. 15%)
- Norway50 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia45 kt (est. 8%)
- Egypt15 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan2.6 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins5.0 kt (est. <1%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (3%)
- Türkiye: no crude data8.1 kt (1%)
- Greece: crude origin not reported6.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2024)
8.1 thousand tonnes
1% of Greece's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Türkiye: no crude data8.1 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greece (own refineries) | Greece: road diesel supply | 553,869 | 92.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Kingdom | Greece: road diesel supply | 17,976 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Greece: road diesel supply | 15,256 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Greece: road diesel supply | 8,118 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece: road diesel supply | 4,114 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iraq | Greece (own refineries) | 194,058 | 35.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece (own refineries) | 156,072 | 28.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece (own refineries) | 88,176 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece (own refineries) | 49,641 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece (own refineries) | 44,278 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 17,976 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt | Greece (own refineries) | 15,340 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Greece split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 8,118 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Greece: crude origin not reported | Greece (own refineries) | 6,304 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 4,964 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 4,114 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy | 2,895 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 2,592 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,969 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 1,253 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 713 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 630 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 239 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Greece split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Greece’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Kingdom: no crude data (17,976 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (8,118 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Greece: crude origin not reported (6,304 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,114 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (630 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.