Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2023, Hungary's road diesel supply was 400 kt: 64% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Austria (12%), Slovenia (7%) and Saudi Arabia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (56%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia222 kt (est. 56%)Kazakhstan41 kt (est. 10%)Libya11 kt (est. 3%)Croatia9.8 kt (est. 2%)Iraq5.0 kt (est. 1%)Azerbaijan4.7 kt (est. 1%)Brazil2.0 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins7.7 kt (est. 2%)Hungary: crude not from imports32 kt (8%)Slovenia: no refinery28 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data24 kt (6%)Türkiye: no crude data5.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.5 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.0 kt (1%)Hungary (own refineries)255 kt (64%)Austria47 kt (12%)Slovenia28 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia24 kt (6%)Slovakia23 kt (6%)Czechia7.0 kt (2%)Germany7.0 kt (2%)Türkiye5.0 kt (1%)Romania4.0 kt (1%)Hungary: road diesel supply400 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Austria
- Slovenia
- Saudi Arabia
- Slovakia
- Czechia
- Germany
- Türkiye
- Other (1)
- Russia222 kt (est. 56%)
- Kazakhstan41 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya11 kt (est. 3%)
- Croatia9.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq5.0 kt (est. 1%)
- Azerbaijan4.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Brazil2.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins7.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports32 kt (8%)
- Slovenia: no refinery28 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data24 kt (6%)
- Türkiye: no crude data5.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.5 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.0 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2023)
47.0 thousand tonnes
12% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Kazakhstan21 kt (est. 44%)
- Libya9.5 kt (est. 20%)
- Iraq4.6 kt (est. 10%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 255,000 | 63.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 47,000 | 11.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 28,000 | 7.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 24,000 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 23,000 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Hungary: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 197,109 | 77.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 31,506 | 12.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 28,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 24,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 22,064 | 95.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 20,542 | 43.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 16,607 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 9,778 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 9,511 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Austria | 4,551 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,360 | 62.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 3,178 | 6.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 3,029 | 6.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Czechia | 2,855 | 40.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 2,305 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 2,023 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,979 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Austria | 1,905 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 1,620 | 40.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,336 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,283 | 32.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 936 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 844 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 747 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 533 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 433 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 420 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 417 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 287 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 210 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 195 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 172 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 147 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 119 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-10 to 2023-12. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2023-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-10 to 2023-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (31,506 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (28,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (24,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (5,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,483 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,031 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.