Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Hungary's road diesel supply was 416 kt: 59% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Austria (11%), Israel (8%) and Slovenia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (49%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 33% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia203 kt (est. 49%)Kazakhstan28 kt (est. 7%)Libya9.5 kt (est. 2%)Croatia7.5 kt (est. 2%)Iraq6.9 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia6.5 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan4.6 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 3%)Hungary: crude not from imports39 kt (9%)Israel: no crude data35 kt (8%)Slovenia: no refinery27 kt (6%)Iraq: no crude data16 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data13 kt (3%)Austria: crude origin not reported4.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)246 kt (59%)Austria47 kt (11%)Israel35 kt (8%)Slovenia27 kt (6%)Iraq16 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia13 kt (3%)Slovakia13 kt (3%)Czechia8.0 kt (2%)Germany8.0 kt (2%)Croatia2.0 kt (<1%)Romania1.0 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply416 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Austria
- Israel
- Slovenia
- Iraq
- Saudi Arabia
- Slovakia
- Czechia
- Other (3)
- Russia203 kt (est. 49%)
- Kazakhstan28 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya9.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Croatia7.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq6.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia6.5 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan4.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 3%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports39 kt (9%)
- Israel: no crude data35 kt (8%)
- Slovenia: no refinery27 kt (6%)
- Iraq: no crude data16 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data13 kt (3%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported4.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2023)
4.6 thousand tonnes
est. 1% of Hungary's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported4.6 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Czechia1.7 kt (est. 38%)
- Croatia1.6 kt (est. 35%)
- Austria1.0 kt (est. 23%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 246,000 | 59.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 47,000 | 11.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Hungary: road diesel supply | 35,000 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 27,000 | 6.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Hungary: road diesel supply | 16,000 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 13,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 13,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 187,239 | 76.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 39,411 | 16.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 35,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 27,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Iraq: no crude data | Iraq | 16,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 14,150 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 13,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 11,809 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 10,612 | 81.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 8,503 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 7,541 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 6,524 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 6,087 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 4,779 | 59.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria | 4,769 | 10.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 4,504 | 56.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 3,400 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 2,518 | 5.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,388 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 1,739 | 21.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 1,629 | 81.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 1,049 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,008 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 932 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 715 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 470 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 458 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 401 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 396 | 39.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 306 | 30.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia | 304 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 296 | 3.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 291 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 252 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 118 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 97 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 97 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 67 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 54 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 49 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Germany | 37 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (39,411 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Israel: no crude data (35,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (27,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Iraq: no crude data (16,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (13,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (4,769 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,478 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (306 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.