Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Hungary's road diesel supply was 466 kt: 51% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (15%), Austria (7%) and Italy (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (50%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia233 kt (est. 50%)Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 9%)Libya17 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan14 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 2%)Iraq7.6 kt (est. 2%)Croatia7.4 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins13 kt (est. 3%)Hungary: crude not from imports46 kt (10%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data31 kt (7%)Slovenia: no refinery22 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data10 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.3 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)236 kt (51%)Slovakia69 kt (15%)Austria34 kt (7%)Italy33 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia31 kt (7%)Greece23 kt (5%)Slovenia22 kt (5%)Türkiye10 kt (2%)Czechia8.0 kt (2%)Hungary: road diesel supply466 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Italy
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Slovenia
- Türkiye
- Other (1)
- Russia233 kt (est. 50%)
- Kazakhstan42 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya17 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan14 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq7.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Croatia7.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins13 kt (est. 3%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports46 kt (10%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data31 kt (7%)
- Slovenia: no refinery22 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data10 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.3 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2025)
7.4 thousand tonnes
est. 2% of Hungary's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported7.4 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Hungary (own refineries)7.4 kt (est. 100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 236,000 | 50.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 69,000 | 14.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 34,000 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 31,000 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Hungary: road diesel supply | 23,000 | 4.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Hungary: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 171,369 | 72.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 57,590 | 83.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 45,690 | 19.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 31,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 22,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 18,540 | 54.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 11,518 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 9,718 | 29.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,694 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 7,423 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 6,580 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 5,388 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 5,088 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 4,725 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 4,340 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,305 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,044 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 3,848 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Czechia | 3,690 | 46.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 3,177 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 3,052 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 3,047 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,895 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 2,837 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,644 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,526 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,035 | 6.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,987 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,978 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 1,124 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,121 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,026 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 871 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 669 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 356 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 108 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (45,690 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (31,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (22,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Türkiye: no crude data (10,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,324 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,722 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.