Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2024, Hungary's road diesel supply was 394 kt: 63% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (11%), Austria (8%) and Slovakia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (49%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 34% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia192 kt (est. 49%)Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 10%)Croatia12 kt (est. 3%)Libya6.3 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan3.2 kt (est. <1%)Iraq2.4 kt (est. <1%)Brazil1.5 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins3.5 kt (est. <1%)Hungary: crude not from imports47 kt (12%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data42 kt (11%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data22 kt (6%)Slovenia: no refinery16 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.2 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.9 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)247 kt (63%)Saudi Arabia42 kt (11%)Austria33 kt (8%)Slovakia23 kt (6%)United Arab Emirates22 kt (6%)Slovenia16 kt (4%)Czechia7.0 kt (2%)Romania4.0 kt (1%)Hungary: road diesel supply394 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Austria
- Slovakia
- United Arab Emirates
- Slovenia
- Czechia
- Romania
- Russia192 kt (est. 49%)
- Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 10%)
- Croatia12 kt (est. 3%)
- Libya6.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan3.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq2.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Brazil1.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins3.5 kt (est. <1%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports47 kt (12%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data42 kt (11%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data22 kt (6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery16 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.2 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jan 2024)
7.0 thousand tonnes
2% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Russia3.0 kt (est. 44%)
- Azerbaijan2.1 kt (est. 30%)
- Kazakhstan1.5 kt (est. 22%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 247,000 | 62.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 42,000 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 23,000 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Hungary: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 16,000 | 4.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 4,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 168,001 | 68.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 46,781 | 18.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 42,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 22,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 21,158 | 92.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 20,596 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 16,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 14,575 | 44.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 11,622 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 5,789 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 3,901 | 11.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Russia | Czechia | 3,048 | 43.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 2,433 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 2,375 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 2,125 | 30.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 1,663 | 41.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,526 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,504 | 4.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Austria | 1,498 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 1,283 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,096 | 27.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 925 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 558 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 550 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 542 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 301 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 150 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-11 to 2024-01. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2024-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-11 to 2024-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (46,781 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (42,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (22,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (16,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,184 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,901 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.