Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Hungary's road diesel supply was 514 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (25%), Saudi Arabia (14%) and Austria (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (47%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 31% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia244 kt (est. 47%)Kazakhstan58 kt (est. 11%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)Hungary12 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 2%)Libya4.9 kt (est. <1%)Guyana4.0 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins7.4 kt (est. 1%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data74 kt (14%)Slovenia: no refinery32 kt (6%)Hungary: crude not from imports27 kt (5%)Iraq: no crude data20 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.2 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)195 kt (38%)Slovakia129 kt (25%)Saudi Arabia74 kt (14%)Austria50 kt (10%)Slovenia32 kt (6%)Iraq20 kt (4%)Czechia9.4 kt (2%)Italy2.9 kt (<1%)Romania0.7 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply514 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Saudi Arabia
- Austria
- Slovenia
- Iraq
- Czechia
- Italy
- Other (1)
- Russia244 kt (est. 47%)
- Kazakhstan58 kt (est. 11%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)
- Hungary12 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya4.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Guyana4.0 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins7.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data74 kt (14%)
- Slovenia: no refinery32 kt (6%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports27 kt (5%)
- Iraq: no crude data20 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2025)
9.4 thousand tonnes
2% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Azerbaijan4.0 kt (est. 42%)
- Other crude origins3.0 kt (est. 32%)
- Kazakhstan1.8 kt (est. 19%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 195,000 | 38.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 129,200 | 25.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 73,700 | 14.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 50,300 | 9.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 32,300 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Hungary: road diesel supply | 20,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 9,400 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 2,900 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 700 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 139,428 | 71.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 104,343 | 80.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 73,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 32,300 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 28,978 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 26,645 | 53.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 26,594 | 13.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq: no crude data | Iraq | 20,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 12,221 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 9,483 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 7,473 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 4,106 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Austria | 4,008 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 3,986 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 3,825 | 7.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 3,332 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 3,153 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,030 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,819 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 1,005 | 34.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 911 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 697 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 565 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 438 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 402 | 57.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 309 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 237 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 214 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 114 | 16.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 69 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 60 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 30 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Guyana | Romania | 26 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (73,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (32,300 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (26,594 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Iraq: no crude data (20,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,175 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.