Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2024, Hungary's road diesel supply was 486 kt: 47% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (16%), Austria (10%) and Saudi Arabia (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (52%) and Kazakhstan (6%), and 31% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia254 kt (est. 52%)Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 6%)Azerbaijan13 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia9.3 kt (est. 2%)Croatia9.1 kt (est. 2%)Libya4.2 kt (est. <1%)Iraq3.9 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins7.3 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data43 kt (9%)Hungary: crude not from imports33 kt (7%)Slovenia: no refinery31 kt (6%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data22 kt (5%)United States: no crude data19 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)227 kt (47%)Slovakia78 kt (16%)Austria47 kt (10%)Saudi Arabia43 kt (9%)Slovenia31 kt (6%)United Arab Emirates22 kt (5%)United States19 kt (4%)Czechia12 kt (2%)Germany6.0 kt (1%)Romania1.0 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply486 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Saudi Arabia
- Slovenia
- United Arab Emirates
- United States
- Czechia
- Other (2)
- Russia254 kt (est. 52%)
- Kazakhstan31 kt (est. 6%)
- Azerbaijan13 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia9.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Croatia9.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya4.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Iraq3.9 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins7.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data43 kt (9%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports33 kt (7%)
- Slovenia: no refinery31 kt (6%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data22 kt (5%)
- United States: no crude data19 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2024)
3.9 thousand tonnes
est. <1% of Hungary's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported3.9 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Austria3.5 kt (est. 90%)
- Germany0.4 kt (est. 10%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 227,000 | 46.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 78,000 | 16.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 47,000 | 9.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 43,000 | 8.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 31,000 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Hungary: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Hungary: road diesel supply | 19,000 | 3.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 6,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 180,305 | 79.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 69,495 | 89.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 43,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 33,133 | 14.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 31,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 23,931 | 50.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 22,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 19,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 9,092 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 6,324 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 5,640 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 4,623 | 38.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 4,520 | 37.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 4,469 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 3,713 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 3,601 | 60.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 3,531 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 3,358 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 3,238 | 6.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 2,904 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 2,866 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,861 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 803 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 655 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Germany | 437 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 426 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 397 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 329 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 227 | 22.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 220 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 218 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 163 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 123 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 123 | 2.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 90 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 87 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 51 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-08 to 2024-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 46 | 4.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2024-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-08 to 2024-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (43,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (33,133 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (31,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (22,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (19,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,243 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (498 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.