Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Hungary's road diesel supply was 473 kt: 45% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (18%), Türkiye (11%) and Austria (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (51%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia242 kt (est. 51%)Kazakhstan35 kt (est. 7%)Libya17 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 2%)United States3.2 kt (est. <1%)Croatia2.3 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins10 kt (est. 2%)Türkiye: no crude data53 kt (11%)Hungary: crude not from imports44 kt (9%)Slovenia: no refinery25 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.3 kt (1%)Israel: no crude data5.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)214 kt (45%)Slovakia86 kt (18%)Türkiye53 kt (11%)Austria47 kt (10%)Italy34 kt (7%)Slovenia25 kt (5%)Czechia9.3 kt (2%)Israel5.0 kt (1%)Croatia0.6 kt (<1%)Romania0.6 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply473 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Türkiye
- Austria
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Czechia
- Israel
- Other (2)
- Russia242 kt (est. 51%)
- Kazakhstan35 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya17 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia10 kt (est. 2%)
- United States3.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Croatia2.3 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins10 kt (est. 2%)
- Türkiye: no crude data53 kt (11%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports44 kt (9%)
- Slovenia: no refinery25 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.3 kt (1%)
- Israel: no crude data5.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Mar 2025)
5.0 thousand tonnes
1% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Israel: no crude data5.0 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 213,600 | 45.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 85,700 | 18.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Hungary: road diesel supply | 52,900 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 46,600 | 9.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 34,300 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 24,700 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 9,300 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Hungary: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 600 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 600 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 158,443 | 74.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 81,039 | 94.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 52,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 44,149 | 20.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 25,574 | 54.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 24,700 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 10,190 | 29.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 8,969 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 8,151 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary (own refineries) | 5,153 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 4,746 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 4,661 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,616 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 4,162 | 8.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 3,689 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 3,600 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 3,513 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 2,935 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 2,608 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy | 2,363 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 2,342 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,234 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 1,999 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,439 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,237 | 13.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Austria | 841 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 829 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 299 | 49.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia | 218 | 36.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 218 | 36.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 138 | 23.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 96 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia | 66 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 59 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 40 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 34 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 33 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Türkiye: no crude data (52,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (44,149 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (24,700 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,276 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Israel: no crude data (5,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (4,162 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.