Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2023, Hungary's road diesel supply was 476 kt: 45% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (18%), Kazakhstan (12%) and Austria (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (44%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 31% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia212 kt (est. 44%)Kazakhstan35 kt (est. 7%)Hungary23 kt (est. 5%)Libya11 kt (est. 2%)Croatia9.1 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia9.0 kt (est. 2%)Norway5.8 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins24 kt (est. 5%)Kazakhstan: no crude data57 kt (12%)Hungary: crude not from imports39 kt (8%)Slovenia: no refinery26 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data14 kt (3%)Austria: crude origin not reported7.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)212 kt (45%)Slovakia84 kt (18%)Kazakhstan57 kt (12%)Austria44 kt (9%)Germany29 kt (6%)Slovenia26 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia14 kt (3%)Czechia10 kt (2%)Hungary: road diesel supply476 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Kazakhstan
- Austria
- Germany
- Slovenia
- Saudi Arabia
- Czechia
- Russia212 kt (est. 44%)
- Kazakhstan35 kt (est. 7%)
- Hungary23 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya11 kt (est. 2%)
- Croatia9.1 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia9.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway5.8 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins24 kt (est. 5%)
- Kazakhstan: no crude data57 kt (12%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports39 kt (8%)
- Slovenia: no refinery26 kt (5%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data14 kt (3%)
- Austria: crude origin not reported7.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2023)
11.5 thousand tonnes
est. 2% of Hungary's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported11 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Austria7.5 kt (est. 65%)
- Germany4.0 kt (est. 35%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 212,000 | 44.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 84,000 | 17.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary: road diesel supply | 57,000 | 12.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 44,000 | 9.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 29,000 | 6.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 26,000 | 5.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 14,000 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 144,684 | 68.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 60,481 | 72.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan: no crude data | Kazakhstan | 57,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 39,268 | 18.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 26,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 23,467 | 27.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 18,933 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 14,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 12,387 | 42.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 11,748 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 9,116 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 8,826 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 7,544 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 7,495 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Austria: crude origin not reported | Austria | 7,015 | 15.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Russia | Czechia | 6,291 | 62.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 5,800 | 20.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 3,976 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,657 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 3,204 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1,502 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,372 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 931 | 3.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 529 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 328 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Germany | 219 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-05 to 2023-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 177 | 1.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2023-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-05 to 2023-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Kazakhstan: no crude data (57,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (39,268 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (26,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Austria: crude origin not reported (7,015 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,130 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (931 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.