Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Hungary's road diesel supply was 472 kt: 52% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (18%), Austria (10%) and Azerbaijan (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (55%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia261 kt (est. 55%)Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 10%)Saudi Arabia17 kt (est. 4%)Libya8.3 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan8.2 kt (est. 2%)Iraq4.7 kt (est. 1%)Croatia3.7 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins6.7 kt (est. 1%)Hungary: crude not from imports38 kt (8%)Azerbaijan: no crude data26 kt (6%)Slovenia: no refinery24 kt (5%)Iraq: no crude data21 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)246 kt (52%)Slovakia84 kt (18%)Austria47 kt (10%)Azerbaijan26 kt (6%)Slovenia24 kt (5%)Iraq21 kt (4%)Czechia12 kt (2%)Greece10 kt (2%)Romania1.0 kt (<1%)Italy0.6 kt (<1%)Croatia0.2 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply472 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Azerbaijan
- Slovenia
- Iraq
- Czechia
- Greece
- Other (3)
- Russia261 kt (est. 55%)
- Kazakhstan47 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia17 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya8.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan8.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq4.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Croatia3.7 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins6.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports38 kt (8%)
- Azerbaijan: no crude data26 kt (6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery24 kt (5%)
- Iraq: no crude data21 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jun 2025)
1.0 thousand tonnes
<1% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Kazakhstan0.5 kt (est. 48%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (26%)
- Azerbaijan0.1 kt (est. 10%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 246,300 | 52.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 83,800 | 17.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 47,300 | 10.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary: road diesel supply | 26,200 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 23,700 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Iraq | Hungary: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 11,500 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Hungary: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 600 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 186,735 | 75.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 74,482 | 88.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 37,637 | 15.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan: no crude data | Azerbaijan | 26,200 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 23,700 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 23,230 | 49.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq: no crude data | Iraq | 21,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 18,205 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 8,931 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 6,662 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 5,981 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 5,291 | 46.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 3,724 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 3,251 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 3,113 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 2,870 | 25.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 2,645 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 2,562 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,352 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,940 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,784 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Austria | 1,462 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 1,416 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 1,366 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,229 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 991 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 985 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 482 | 48.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 257 | 25.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 137 | 22.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 118 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 118 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 109 | 54.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 97 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 90 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 85 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 75 | 12.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 65 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 47 | 23.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 33 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 31 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 31 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia | 22 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia | 22 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania | 14 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (37,637 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Azerbaijan: no crude data (26,200 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (23,700 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Iraq: no crude data (21,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,962 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,784 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.