Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2024, Hungary's road diesel supply was 490 kt: 48% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Italy (13%), Austria (10%) and Slovenia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (34%) and Kazakhstan (16%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia168 kt (est. 34%)Kazakhstan76 kt (est. 16%)Libya23 kt (est. 5%)Croatia16 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan14 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 3%)United States8.2 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins29 kt (est. 6%)Hungary: crude not from imports36 kt (7%)Slovenia: no refinery31 kt (6%)Switzerland: no crude data22 kt (4%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data22 kt (4%)Türkiye: no crude data17 kt (3%)Italy: crude not from imports6.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)235 kt (48%)Italy66 kt (13%)Austria47 kt (10%)Slovenia31 kt (6%)Slovakia25 kt (5%)Switzerland22 kt (4%)United Arab Emirates22 kt (4%)Türkiye17 kt (3%)Germany16 kt (3%)Czechia6.0 kt (1%)Romania3.0 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply490 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Italy
- Austria
- Slovenia
- Slovakia
- United Arab Emirates
- Switzerland
- Türkiye
- Other (3)
- Russia168 kt (est. 34%)
- Kazakhstan76 kt (est. 16%)
- Libya23 kt (est. 5%)
- Croatia16 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan14 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 3%)
- United States8.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins29 kt (est. 6%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports36 kt (7%)
- Slovenia: no refinery31 kt (6%)
- Switzerland: no crude data22 kt (4%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data22 kt (4%)
- Türkiye: no crude data17 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude not from imports6.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2024)
168.2 thousand tonnes
est. 34% of Hungary's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported168 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Hungary (own refineries)148 kt (est. 88%)
- Slovakia18 kt (est. 10%)
- Czechia2.4 kt (est. 1%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 235,000 | 48.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 66,000 | 13.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 47,000 | 9.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 31,000 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 25,000 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Hungary: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Switzerland | Hungary: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 4.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Hungary: road diesel supply | 17,000 | 3.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 16,000 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 6,000 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 148,237 | 63.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 36,042 | 15.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 35,025 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 31,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 27,715 | 59.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 22,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Switzerland: no crude data | Switzerland | 22,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 17,569 | 70.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 17,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 15,696 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 15,340 | 23.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 14,270 | 21.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 9,958 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 9,234 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 7,352 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 6,783 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 6,359 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy | 6,043 | 9.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 5,890 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 5,319 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,678 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,037 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 2,680 | 44.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 2,392 | 39.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,310 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 2,112 | 8.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,809 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,712 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,433 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,297 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,245 | 41.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 1,159 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 928 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 800 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 604 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 588 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Austria | 495 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 433 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 398 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 368 | 12.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 300 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 222 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 154 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-03 to 2024-05. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2024-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-03 to 2024-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (36,042 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (31,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Switzerland: no crude data (22,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (22,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (17,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (6,043 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,368 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,652 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.