Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2023, Hungary's road diesel supply was 421 kt: 56% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (14%), Austria (8%) and Italy (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (65%) and Kazakhstan (5%), and 11% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia275 kt (est. 65%)Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 5%)Libya17 kt (est. 4%)Iraq10 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan10.0 kt (est. 2%)United States8.8 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia5.9 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins26 kt (est. 6%)Slovenia: no refinery28 kt (7%)Hungary: crude not from imports12 kt (3%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)235 kt (56%)Slovakia59 kt (14%)Austria34 kt (8%)Italy33 kt (8%)Slovenia28 kt (7%)Germany20 kt (5%)Czechia9.0 kt (2%)Romania2.0 kt (<1%)Greece1.0 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply421 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Germany
- Czechia
- Romania
- Other (1)
- Russia275 kt (est. 65%)
- Kazakhstan22 kt (est. 5%)
- Libya17 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq10 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan10.0 kt (est. 2%)
- United States8.8 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia5.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins26 kt (est. 6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery28 kt (7%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports12 kt (3%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Oct 2023)
235.0 thousand tonnes
56% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Russia218 kt (est. 93%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports12 kt (5%)
- Other crude origins4.6 kt (est. 2%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 235,000 | 55.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 59,000 | 14.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 34,000 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 28,000 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 20,000 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 9,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Hungary: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 218,009 | 92.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 52,836 | 89.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 28,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 13,677 | 40.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 11,632 | 4.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 8,583 | 25.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 8,125 | 40.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 6,164 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 6,141 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 6,041 | 18.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 5,620 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 5,417 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 5,005 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 4,628 | 51.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary (own refineries) | 4,575 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3,673 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 2,965 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,945 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 2,842 | 8.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,443 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 2,321 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,239 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2,137 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 2,009 | 5.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 1,179 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1,158 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,129 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 1,029 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,013 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 813 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 784 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 728 | 36.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 677 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 646 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 596 | 6.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 582 | 29.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 470 | 47.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 329 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 293 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 274 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 227 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 199 | 10.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Romania | 178 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 171 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 136 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 118 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 85 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Czechia | 53 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 42 | 4.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 40 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 21 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-08 to 2023-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2023-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-08 to 2023-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (28,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (11,632 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,250 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,544 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.