Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Hungary's road diesel supply was 451 kt: 31% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (24%), Saudi Arabia (17%) and Austria (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (38%) and Kazakhstan (8%), and 38% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia171 kt (est. 38%)Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia17 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan14 kt (est. 3%)Hungary11 kt (est. 2%)Libya9.2 kt (est. 2%)Iraq5.4 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins15 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data77 kt (17%)Slovenia: no refinery35 kt (8%)Hungary: crude not from imports35 kt (8%)United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)139 kt (31%)Slovakia106 kt (24%)Saudi Arabia77 kt (17%)Austria49 kt (11%)Slovenia35 kt (8%)United Kingdom18 kt (4%)Germany13 kt (3%)Czechia9.8 kt (2%)Romania1.9 kt (<1%)Italy1.0 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply451 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Saudi Arabia
- Austria
- Slovenia
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- Czechia
- Other (2)
- Russia171 kt (est. 38%)
- Kazakhstan38 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia17 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan14 kt (est. 3%)
- Hungary11 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya9.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq5.4 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins15 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data77 kt (17%)
- Slovenia: no refinery35 kt (8%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports35 kt (8%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Nov 2025)
106.2 thousand tonnes
24% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Russia72 kt (est. 68%)
- Hungary11 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 10%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 139,400 | 30.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 106,200 | 23.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 77,000 | 17.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 49,200 | 10.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 35,300 | 7.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Hungary: road diesel supply | 18,000 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 12,800 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 9,800 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 1,900 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 98,785 | 70.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 77,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 71,835 | 67.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 35,300 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 34,728 | 24.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 27,197 | 55.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 18,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 11,098 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 10,676 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 8,842 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 6,935 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 6,615 | 51.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 5,758 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 4,717 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 4,207 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 3,749 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 3,663 | 37.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 2,839 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 2,367 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,972 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,903 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,848 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,736 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 1,564 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,240 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 939 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 865 | 8.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 783 | 41.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 677 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 389 | 20.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 334 | 17.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 302 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 250 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 220 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 210 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 202 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 145 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 144 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 127 | 12.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 100 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 99 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 53 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 53 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (77,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (35,300 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (34,728 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (18,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,367 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,240 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.