Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Hungary's road diesel supply was 490 kt: 55% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (22%), Austria (11%) and Slovenia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (61%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 18% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia301 kt (est. 61%)Kazakhstan45 kt (est. 9%)Libya12 kt (est. 2%)Azerbaijan11 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 2%)Norway4.8 kt (est. <1%)Croatia4.2 kt (est. <1%)Other crude origins13 kt (est. 3%)Hungary: crude not from imports46 kt (9%)Slovenia: no refinery29 kt (6%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.9 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (1%)Hungary (own refineries)269 kt (55%)Slovakia108 kt (22%)Austria52 kt (11%)Slovenia29 kt (6%)Germany21 kt (4%)Czechia9.3 kt (2%)Italy1.0 kt (<1%)Romania0.8 kt (<1%)Croatia0.4 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply490 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Slovenia
- Germany
- Czechia
- Italy
- Romania
- Other (1)
- Russia301 kt (est. 61%)
- Kazakhstan45 kt (est. 9%)
- Libya12 kt (est. 2%)
- Azerbaijan11 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway4.8 kt (est. <1%)
- Croatia4.2 kt (est. <1%)
- Other crude origins13 kt (est. 3%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports46 kt (9%)
- Slovenia: no refinery29 kt (6%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports7.9 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported5.1 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (May 2025)
28.6 thousand tonnes
6% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Slovenia: no refinery29 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 268,900 | 54.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 107,700 | 22.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 52,400 | 10.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 28,600 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 9,300 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 1,000 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 800 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 199,148 | 74.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 101,818 | 94.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 46,108 | 17.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 28,600 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 24,658 | 47.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 15,249 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 9,419 | 44.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 8,494 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 7,455 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 4,493 | 8.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 4,245 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Hungary (own refineries) | 4,150 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 3,898 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,462 | 16.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 3,354 | 6.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 3,043 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 2,637 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,583 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 2,278 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,705 | 8.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,668 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,666 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 1,623 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,621 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,455 | 15.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Czechia | 1,305 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 622 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 417 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 381 | 47.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 372 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 355 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 284 | 28.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 267 | 66.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 228 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 192 | 24.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 188 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 157 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 104 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 104 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 70 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 65 | 16.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Romania | 52 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia | 43 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 32 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 24 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 7 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (46,108 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (28,600 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (7,933 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (5,059 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.