Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Hungary's road diesel supply was 492 kt: 54% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Austria (9%), Italy (7%) and Slovakia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (40%) and Kazakhstan (15%), and 27% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia196 kt (est. 40%)Kazakhstan71 kt (est. 15%)Libya18 kt (est. 4%)Croatia14 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan12 kt (est. 2%)Iraq7.7 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins26 kt (est. 5%)Hungary: crude not from imports36 kt (7%)Slovenia: no refinery25 kt (5%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported21 kt (4%)United Kingdom: no crude data21 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data14 kt (3%)Slovakia: crude not from imports8.6 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.1 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)264 kt (54%)Austria44 kt (9%)Italy36 kt (7%)Slovakia35 kt (7%)Slovenia25 kt (5%)Bulgaria21 kt (4%)United Kingdom21 kt (4%)Saudi Arabia14 kt (3%)Germany13 kt (3%)Greece11 kt (2%)Other suppliers8.0 kt (2%)Hungary: road diesel supply492 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Austria
- Italy
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Bulgaria
- United Kingdom
- Saudi Arabia
- Other (4)
- Russia196 kt (est. 40%)
- Kazakhstan71 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya18 kt (est. 4%)
- Croatia14 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia13 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan12 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq7.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins26 kt (est. 5%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports36 kt (7%)
- Slovenia: no refinery25 kt (5%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported21 kt (4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data21 kt (4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data14 kt (3%)
- Slovakia: crude not from imports8.6 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports8.1 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2024)
21.0 thousand tonnes
4% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- United Kingdom21 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 264,000 | 53.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 44,000 | 8.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 36,000 | 7.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 35,000 | 7.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 25,000 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Hungary: road diesel supply | 21,000 | 4.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 14,000 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 13,000 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Hungary: road diesel supply | 11,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Hungary: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 1.6% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 175,239 | 66.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 39,128 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 35,931 | 13.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 25,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 21,392 | 48.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 21,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 21,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 18,796 | 53.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 14,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 13,702 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovakia: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 8,579 | 24.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 8,209 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,922 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 7,447 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 7,091 | 54.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 6,549 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 6,158 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 5,607 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,965 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 4,300 | 68.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 3,603 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 3,534 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Greece | 3,481 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 3,426 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 3,213 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 3,099 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 2,567 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 2,422 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,835 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Other suppliers | 1,629 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1,492 | 55.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,234 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,166 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 1,076 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 1,060 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,037 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,032 | 7.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 825 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 450 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 365 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 362 | 31.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 327 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 314 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 206 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 143 | 14.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 37 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 36 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Hungary: crude not from imports (35,931 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (25,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (21,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (21,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (14,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovakia: crude not from imports (8,579 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (8,141 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,540 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.