Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Hungary's road diesel supply was 482 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (14%), Greece (11%) and Austria (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (39%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia187 kt (est. 39%)Kazakhstan65 kt (est. 13%)Libya20 kt (est. 4%)Iraq18 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia14 kt (est. 3%)Croatia9.0 kt (est. 2%)Switzerland8.4 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins27 kt (est. 6%)Israel: no crude data33 kt (7%)Hungary: crude not from imports28 kt (6%)Slovenia: no refinery25 kt (5%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported20 kt (4%)United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (4%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.8 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.9 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)184 kt (38%)Slovakia66 kt (14%)Greece55 kt (11%)Austria48 kt (10%)Israel33 kt (7%)Slovenia25 kt (5%)Bulgaria22 kt (5%)United Kingdom18 kt (4%)Germany12 kt (2%)Italy12 kt (2%)Other suppliers7.0 kt (1%)Hungary: road diesel supply482 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Greece
- Austria
- Israel
- Slovenia
- Bulgaria
- United Kingdom
- Other (4)
- Russia187 kt (est. 39%)
- Kazakhstan65 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya20 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq18 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia14 kt (est. 3%)
- Croatia9.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Switzerland8.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins27 kt (est. 6%)
- Israel: no crude data33 kt (7%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports28 kt (6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery25 kt (5%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported20 kt (4%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data18 kt (4%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.8 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported3.9 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2024)
33.0 thousand tonnes
7% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Israel33 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 184,000 | 38.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 66,000 | 13.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Hungary: road diesel supply | 55,000 | 11.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 48,000 | 10.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Hungary: road diesel supply | 33,000 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 25,000 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Hungary: road diesel supply | 18,000 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Hungary: road diesel supply | 7,000 | 1.5% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 130,416 | 70.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 54,728 | 82.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 33,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 29,375 | 61.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 27,780 | 15.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 25,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 20,248 | 92.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 18,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 17,095 | 31.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 16,854 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 13,201 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 10,231 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 8,950 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland | Slovakia | 8,353 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 7,304 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 7,170 | 59.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 6,169 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 5,990 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Hungary split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 5,086 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 5,002 | 41.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 3,215 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 3,121 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,919 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 2,334 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 2,316 | 63.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 1,948 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 1,752 | 8.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,726 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 1,692 | 50.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Other suppliers | 1,645 | 41.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,181 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,178 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 1,035 | 2.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 941 | 31.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Germany | 938 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 897 | 7.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 890 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 824 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 568 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 406 | 13.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 289 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 128 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 106 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Israel: no crude data (33,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (27,780 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (25,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (20,248 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (18,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,839 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (3,906 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.