Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Hungary's road diesel supply was 426 kt: 30% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (34%), Austria (11%) and Slovenia (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (44%), Kazakhstan (12%) and Azerbaijan (6%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia187 kt (est. 44%)Kazakhstan50 kt (est. 12%)Azerbaijan24 kt (est. 6%)Hungary20 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia16 kt (est. 4%)Libya8.9 kt (est. 2%)Norway4.5 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins15 kt (est. 3%)Slovenia: no refinery37 kt (9%)Oman: no crude data32 kt (7%)Hungary: crude not from imports17 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data10 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.4 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)127 kt (30%)Slovakia144 kt (34%)Austria45 kt (11%)Slovenia37 kt (9%)Oman32 kt (7%)Germany17 kt (4%)Kuwait10 kt (2%)Czechia9.8 kt (2%)Croatia2.2 kt (<1%)Italy1.6 kt (<1%)Romania0.6 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply426 kt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Austria
- Slovenia
- Oman
- Germany
- Kuwait
- Czechia
- Other (3)
- Russia187 kt (est. 44%)
- Kazakhstan50 kt (est. 12%)
- Azerbaijan24 kt (est. 6%)
- Hungary20 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia16 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya8.9 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway4.5 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins15 kt (est. 3%)
- Slovenia: no refinery37 kt (9%)
- Oman: no crude data32 kt (7%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports17 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data10 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.4 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Oct 2025)
31.5 thousand tonnes
7% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Oman32 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 143,500 | 33.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 126,800 | 29.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 45,300 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 37,300 | 8.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | Hungary: road diesel supply | 31,500 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 16,900 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Hungary: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 9,800 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 2,200 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 1,600 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 600 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Slovakia | 96,338 | 67.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 90,356 | 71.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 37,300 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 31,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 25,304 | 55.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 19,997 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 19,826 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 17,814 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 16,508 | 13.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 9,350 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 7,602 | 45.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 6,475 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 5,399 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 5,318 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 3,420 | 34.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2,389 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,342 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,338 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 2,142 | 21.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,986 | 20.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,964 | 4.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,389 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 1,355 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 922 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 897 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 841 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia | 704 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 580 | 36.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 495 | 22.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 391 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 390 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 357 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 317 | 52.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 241 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 144 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 118 | 7.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 108 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 93 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 83 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 78 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 71 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Romania | 46 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 44 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 38 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 19 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (37,300 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Oman: no crude data (31,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (16,508 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Kuwait: no crude data (10,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,406 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,389 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.