Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Hungary's road diesel supply was 441 kt: 38% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (27%), Austria (11%) and Germany (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (50%) and Kazakhstan (14%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia221 kt (est. 50%)Kazakhstan62 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia19 kt (est. 4%)Libya18 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)Hungary7.6 kt (est. 2%)Norway7.2 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins17 kt (est. 4%)Slovenia: no refinery26 kt (6%)United Kingdom: no crude data25 kt (6%)Hungary: crude not from imports9.5 kt (2%)Slovakia: crude not from imports8.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)167 kt (38%)Slovakia119 kt (27%)Austria47 kt (11%)Germany28 kt (6%)Slovenia26 kt (6%)United Kingdom25 kt (6%)Croatia20 kt (5%)Czechia7.2 kt (2%)Italy1.3 kt (<1%)Romania0.6 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply441 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Germany
- Slovenia
- United Kingdom
- Croatia
- Czechia
- Other (2)
- Russia221 kt (est. 50%)
- Kazakhstan62 kt (est. 14%)
- Saudi Arabia19 kt (est. 4%)
- Libya18 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)
- Hungary7.6 kt (est. 2%)
- Norway7.2 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins17 kt (est. 4%)
- Slovenia: no refinery26 kt (6%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data25 kt (6%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports9.5 kt (2%)
- Slovakia: crude not from imports8.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2025)
8.4 thousand tonnes
2% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Slovakia8.4 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 167,300 | 37.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 118,500 | 26.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 46,600 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 27,900 | 6.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 26,300 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Hungary: road diesel supply | 25,000 | 5.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 20,200 | 4.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 7,200 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 1,300 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 600 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 131,248 | 78.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 89,441 | 75.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 26,596 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 26,300 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 25,090 | 53.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 25,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 11,623 | 41.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 9,455 | 5.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 9,115 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia | 9,102 | 45.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovakia: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 8,409 | 7.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 8,211 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 7,573 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 5,213 | 11.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 4,908 | 24.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 4,868 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 4,867 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 4,692 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 4,485 | 22.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3,788 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 3,687 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 2,858 | 39.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 2,456 | 34.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,801 | 3.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 1,706 | 8.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,629 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,106 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 921 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 780 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 773 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 741 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 560 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 444 | 34.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 324 | 53.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 279 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 195 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 159 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 153 | 25.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 116 | 8.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 93 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 44 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 44 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 28 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 14 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Romania | 8 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (26,300 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (25,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (9,455 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovakia: crude not from imports (8,409 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,777 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,401 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.