Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2024, Hungary's road diesel supply was 523 kt: 44% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (12%), Austria (10%) and Saudi Arabia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (39%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 31% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia206 kt (est. 39%)Kazakhstan67 kt (est. 13%)Libya20 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 2%)Iraq7.6 kt (est. 1%)Norway6.7 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins28 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data36 kt (7%)Hungary: crude not from imports31 kt (6%)Slovenia: no refinery25 kt (5%)Egypt: no crude data22 kt (4%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported19 kt (4%)Slovakia: crude not from imports13 kt (3%)United States: no crude data9.0 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.6 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)230 kt (44%)Slovakia65 kt (12%)Austria54 kt (10%)Saudi Arabia36 kt (7%)Italy35 kt (7%)Slovenia25 kt (5%)Egypt22 kt (4%)Bulgaria19 kt (4%)Germany16 kt (3%)United States9.0 kt (2%)Other suppliers12 kt (2%)Hungary: road diesel supply523 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Saudi Arabia
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Egypt
- Bulgaria
- Other (5)
- Russia206 kt (est. 39%)
- Kazakhstan67 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya20 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 2%)
- Iraq7.6 kt (est. 1%)
- Norway6.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins28 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data36 kt (7%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports31 kt (6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery25 kt (5%)
- Egypt: no crude data22 kt (4%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported19 kt (4%)
- Slovakia: crude not from imports13 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data9.0 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports5.6 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2024)
9.0 thousand tonnes
2% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- United States9.0 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 230,000 | 44.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 65,000 | 12.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 54,000 | 10.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 36,000 | 6.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 35,000 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 25,000 | 4.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Hungary: road diesel supply | 22,000 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 19,000 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 16,000 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Other suppliers | Hungary: road diesel supply | 12,000 | 2.3% | Summed by usSum of the smaller suppliers' published imports. |
| United States | Hungary: road diesel supply | 9,000 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 163,837 | 71.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 39,514 | 60.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 36,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 31,261 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 31,010 | 13.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 26,478 | 49.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 25,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 22,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 19,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Slovakia: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 13,104 | 20.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Austria | 9,147 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 9,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 8,601 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 7,982 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 7,939 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 7,489 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 6,231 | 17.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 5,695 | 35.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 4,466 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary (own refineries) | 3,892 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 3,781 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 3,097 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 3,084 | 49.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy | 2,854 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 2,774 | 7.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 2,479 | 84.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Other suppliers | 2,476 | 35.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Austria | 2,458 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 2,312 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,308 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 2,214 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,940 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,825 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 1,743 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 1,736 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 1,436 | 35.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,097 | 6.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 956 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 714 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 667 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Other suppliers | 649 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy | 446 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 423 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 406 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 333 | 28.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 307 | 14.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 301 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 265 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 257 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Hungary split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-05 to 2024-07. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2024-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-05 to 2024-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (36,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (31,010 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (25,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Egypt: no crude data (22,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (19,000 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Slovakia: crude not from imports (13,104 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United States: no crude data (9,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (5,622 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,827 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.