Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Hungary's road diesel supply was 403 kt: 27% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (29%), Saudi Arabia (27%) and Slovenia (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (21%), Libya (10%) and Saudi Arabia (6%), and 44% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia84 kt (est. 21%)Libya41 kt (est. 10%)Saudi Arabia23 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 5%)United Kingdom16 kt (est. 4%)Norway15 kt (est. 4%)Switzerland12 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins17 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data108 kt (27%)Slovenia: no refinery22 kt (5%)Hungary: crude not from imports20 kt (5%)Slovakia: crude origin not reported19 kt (5%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.2 kt (1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (1%)Hungary (own refineries)110 kt (27%)Slovakia115 kt (29%)Saudi Arabia108 kt (27%)Slovenia22 kt (5%)Austria22 kt (5%)Germany14 kt (3%)Romania5.3 kt (1%)Bulgaria4.2 kt (1%)Czechia3.0 kt (<1%)Italy0.1 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply403 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Slovakia
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Slovenia
- Austria
- Germany
- Romania
- Bulgaria
- Other (2)
- Russia84 kt (est. 21%)
- Libya41 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia23 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan18 kt (est. 5%)
- United Kingdom16 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway15 kt (est. 4%)
- Switzerland12 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins17 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data108 kt (27%)
- Slovenia: no refinery22 kt (5%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports20 kt (5%)
- Slovakia: crude origin not reported19 kt (5%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.2 kt (1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported4.2 kt (1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2026)
4.2 thousand tonnes
1% of Hungary's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Romania1.7 kt (40%)
- Austria1.6 kt (38%)
- Czechia0.5 kt (12%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 115,300 | 28.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 110,400 | 27.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 107,700 | 26.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 21,800 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 21,600 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 13,500 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 5,300 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 4,200 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 107,700 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 44,305 | 38.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 39,452 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Hungary (own refineries) | 31,905 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 21,800 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 19,658 | 17.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovakia: crude origin not reported | Slovakia | 19,038 | 16.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 13,647 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 13,226 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Switzerland | Slovakia | 11,827 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 11,812 | 54.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary (own refineries) | 7,387 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Hungary (own refineries) | 7,103 | 6.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 5,666 | 42.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Slovakia | 5,578 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Slovakia | 5,351 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 4,545 | 21.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 4,200 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Norway | Germany | 2,641 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 2,527 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary (own refineries) | 2,368 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,328 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 1,878 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,858 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 1,801 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,682 | 31.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 1,603 | 30.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,598 | 7.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 1,384 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,187 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 1,074 | 35.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 979 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 803 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Austria | 789 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 518 | 17.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 410 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 396 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 355 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 214 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Czechia | 209 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 45 | 44.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 25 | 24.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 16 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 8 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 5 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Norway | Italy | 2 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (107,700 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (21,800 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (19,658 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovakia: crude origin not reported (19,038 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,212 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (4,200 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.