Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Hungary's road diesel supply was 365 kt: 48% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (22%), Austria (11%) and Slovenia (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (61%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 21% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia222 kt (est. 61%)Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 7%)Libya10 kt (est. 3%)Iraq6.6 kt (est. 2%)United Kingdom4.2 kt (est. 1%)Azerbaijan4.0 kt (est. 1%)Saudi Arabia3.7 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins12 kt (est. 3%)Slovenia: no refinery36 kt (10%)Hungary: crude not from imports23 kt (6%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data9.0 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.4 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)176 kt (48%)Slovakia82 kt (22%)Austria41 kt (11%)Slovenia36 kt (10%)Germany10 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia9.0 kt (2%)Czechia8.0 kt (2%)Romania3.0 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply365 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Slovenia
- Germany
- Saudi Arabia
- Czechia
- Romania
- Russia222 kt (est. 61%)
- Kazakhstan27 kt (est. 7%)
- Libya10 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq6.6 kt (est. 2%)
- United Kingdom4.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Azerbaijan4.0 kt (est. 1%)
- Saudi Arabia3.7 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins12 kt (est. 3%)
- Slovenia: no refinery36 kt (10%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports23 kt (6%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data9.0 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports6.4 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 176,000 | 48.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 82,000 | 22.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 41,000 | 11.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 36,000 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 9,000 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 8,000 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 3,000 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 144,658 | 82.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 73,085 | 89.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 36,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 22,537 | 12.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 17,939 | 43.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 9,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Austria | 8,733 | 21.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Austria | 5,741 | 14.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 5,346 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 5,093 | 50.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Czechia | 3,793 | 47.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Slovakia | 3,468 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Hungary (own refineries) | 3,459 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 3,418 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 2,820 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 2,626 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 2,289 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 2,136 | 5.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 1,418 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,215 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 1,178 | 39.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 1,154 | 38.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,095 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 1,070 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Austria | 810 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 804 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom | Germany | 693 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 593 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 564 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 471 | 4.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 308 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 281 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 276 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 274 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Czechia | 259 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 194 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 165 | 5.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 35 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Slovenia: no refinery (36,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (22,537 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (9,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (6,442 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,010 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.