Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2024, Hungary's road diesel supply was 450 kt: 41% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (20%), Italy (10%) and Saudi Arabia (9%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (49%) and Kazakhstan (10%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia219 kt (est. 49%)Kazakhstan45 kt (est. 10%)Libya16 kt (est. 4%)Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 2%)United States7.7 kt (est. 2%)Croatia7.4 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins29 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data39 kt (9%)Hungary: crude not from imports25 kt (6%)Slovenia: no refinery25 kt (6%)United States: no crude data5.0 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)183 kt (41%)Slovakia90 kt (20%)Italy45 kt (10%)Saudi Arabia39 kt (9%)Austria38 kt (8%)Slovenia25 kt (6%)Germany18 kt (4%)Czechia5.0 kt (1%)United States5.0 kt (1%)Romania2.0 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply450 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Italy
- Saudi Arabia
- Austria
- Slovenia
- Germany
- Czechia
- Other (2)
- Russia219 kt (est. 49%)
- Kazakhstan45 kt (est. 10%)
- Libya16 kt (est. 4%)
- Azerbaijan15 kt (est. 3%)
- Saudi Arabia11 kt (est. 2%)
- United States7.7 kt (est. 2%)
- Croatia7.4 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins29 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data39 kt (9%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports25 kt (6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery25 kt (6%)
- United States: no crude data5.0 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports4.9 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 183,000 | 40.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 90,000 | 20.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 45,000 | 10.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 39,000 | 8.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 38,000 | 8.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 25,000 | 5.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Germany | Hungary: road diesel supply | 18,000 | 4.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Hungary: road diesel supply | 5,000 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 2,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 135,201 | 73.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 81,653 | 90.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 39,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 25,224 | 13.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 25,000 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 20,289 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 15,134 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 14,393 | 32.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy | 8,539 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 8,233 | 45.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 7,647 | 17.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Croatia | Hungary (own refineries) | 7,441 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 5,809 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 5,581 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 5,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 4,780 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy | 4,651 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 4,221 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 3,275 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 3,196 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 2,870 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 2,105 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 2,104 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 2,040 | 40.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 2,000 | 5.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Germany | 1,972 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,875 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 1,859 | 4.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Russia | Czechia | 1,701 | 34.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1,133 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 949 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 851 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 772 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 625 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 534 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 528 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Hungary split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 487 | 24.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 309 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 296 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Austria | 179 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Czechia | 174 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 173 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 105 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2024-07 to 2024-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Romania | 88 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2024-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-07 to 2024-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (39,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (25,224 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Slovenia: no refinery (25,000 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- United States: no crude data (5,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4,884 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,395 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.