Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2025, Hungary's road diesel supply was 486 kt: 35% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Slovakia (27%), Austria (10%) and Saudi Arabia (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from the Russia (41%), Kazakhstan (8%) and Saudi Arabia (5%), and 37% cannot be traced.
Country
Russia198 kt (est. 41%)Kazakhstan39 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 5%)Hungary12 kt (est. 3%)Azerbaijan11 kt (est. 2%)Libya7.2 kt (est. 1%)Ukraine4.9 kt (est. 1%)Other crude origins11 kt (est. 2%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data48 kt (10%)Hungary: crude not from imports43 kt (9%)United Kingdom: no crude data28 kt (6%)Slovenia: no refinery26 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data23 kt (5%)Slovakia: crude not from imports7.3 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Hungary (own refineries)168 kt (35%)Slovakia132 kt (27%)Austria49 kt (10%)Saudi Arabia48 kt (10%)United Kingdom28 kt (6%)Slovenia26 kt (5%)United Arab Emirates23 kt (5%)Czechia7.9 kt (2%)Croatia3.4 kt (<1%)Italy1.1 kt (<1%)Romania0.5 kt (<1%)Hungary: road diesel supply486 kt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Hungary (own refineries)
- Slovakia
- Austria
- Saudi Arabia
- United Kingdom
- Slovenia
- United Arab Emirates
- Czechia
- Other (3)
- Russia198 kt (est. 41%)
- Kazakhstan39 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia25 kt (est. 5%)
- Hungary12 kt (est. 3%)
- Azerbaijan11 kt (est. 2%)
- Libya7.2 kt (est. 1%)
- Ukraine4.9 kt (est. 1%)
- Other crude origins11 kt (est. 2%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data48 kt (10%)
- Hungary: crude not from imports43 kt (9%)
- United Kingdom: no crude data28 kt (6%)
- Slovenia: no refinery26 kt (5%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data23 kt (5%)
- Slovakia: crude not from imports7.3 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungary (own refineries) | Hungary: road diesel supply | 167,800 | 34.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Slovakia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 132,100 | 27.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Austria | Hungary: road diesel supply | 48,500 | 10.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 48,000 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Hungary: road diesel supply | 28,000 | 5.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Slovenia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 26,100 | 5.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Hungary: road diesel supply | 22,900 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Czechia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 7,900 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Croatia | Hungary: road diesel supply | 3,400 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Italy | Hungary: road diesel supply | 1,100 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Romania | Hungary: road diesel supply | 500 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Russia | Hungary (own refineries) | 117,360 | 69.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Russia | Slovakia | 80,900 | 61.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 48,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Hungary: crude not from imports | Hungary (own refineries) | 43,050 | 25.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Austria | 29,078 | 60.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United Kingdom: no crude data | United Kingdom | 28,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Slovenia: no refinery | Slovenia | 26,100 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 22,900 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 20,108 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Hungary | Slovakia | 12,497 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Austria | 8,442 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Slovakia: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 7,271 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Hungary (own refineries) | 7,229 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Hungary's road diesel to Hungary split by Hungary's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 6,456 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Austria | 6,227 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Ukraine | Slovakia | 4,869 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Hungary split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Austria | 3,146 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Czechia | 2,769 | 35.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Czechia | 1,721 | 21.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Czechia | 1,624 | 20.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Czechia | 1,456 | 18.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Czechia's road diesel to Hungary split by Czechia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Austria | 1,135 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Croatia | 1,110 | 32.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Croatia | 665 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Croatia | 596 | 17.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Croatia | 574 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Austria | 473 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Austria's road diesel to Hungary split by Austria's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Croatia | 455 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Croatia's road diesel to Hungary split by Croatia's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy | 407 | 37.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Czechia | 330 | 4.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Italy | 254 | 23.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Romania | 166 | 33.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy | 152 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Romania | 137 | 27.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Italy | 127 | 11.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy | 104 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Romania | 102 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Romania | 73 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy | 39 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Hungary split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Romania | 18 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy | 17 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Ukraine | Romania | 4 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Romania's road diesel to Hungary split by Romania's crude-import mix over 2025-10 to 2025-12. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Hungary’s supply of road diesel in 2025-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-10 to 2025-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (48,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Hungary: crude not from imports (43,050 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United Kingdom: no crude data (28,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovenia: no refinery (26,100 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (22,900 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Slovakia: crude not from imports (7,271 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,326 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (17 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.