Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Italy's petrol supply was 1,291 kt: 91% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Greece (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (23%), Kazakhstan (18%) and the United States (12%), and 2% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya294 kt (est. 23%)Kazakhstan227 kt (est. 18%)United States160 kt (est. 12%)Azerbaijan148 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia92 kt (est. 7%)Brazil53 kt (est. 4%)Norway41 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins248 kt (est. 19%)Italy: crude not from imports26 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.17 Mt (91%)Greece87 kt (7%)Spain30 kt (2%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: petrol supply1.29 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Greece
- Spain
- United Kingdom
- Libya294 kt (est. 23%)
- Kazakhstan227 kt (est. 18%)
- United States160 kt (est. 12%)
- Azerbaijan148 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia92 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil53 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway41 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins248 kt (est. 19%)
- Italy: crude not from imports26 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this petrol, an estimate (Jun 2026)
53.3 thousand tonnes
est. 4% of Italy's petrol supply
less than 0.1 kt reported53 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Refined in
- Italy (own refineries)51 kt (est. 95%)
- Spain2.6 kt (est. 5%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: petrol supply | 1,174,125 | 90.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Greece | Italy: petrol supply | 86,932 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: petrol supply | 30,026 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 277,851 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 211,404 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 202,586 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 147,614 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 142,563 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 85,808 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy (own refineries) | 50,694 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy (own refineries) | 29,199 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's petrol to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 26,405 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 21,742 | 25.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 21,353 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 15,173 | 50.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 12,658 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 12,594 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 12,007 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 4,738 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's petrol to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 4,411 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 3,398 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,809 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Spain | 2,595 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 1,841 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,468 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Spain | 113 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 59 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's petrol to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 10 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Italy’s supply of petrol in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (26,405 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,841 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (10 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.