Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2026, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,374 kt: 85% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (20%), Kazakhstan (15%) and the United States (11%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya483 kt (est. 20%)Kazakhstan359 kt (est. 15%)United States254 kt (est. 11%)Azerbaijan254 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia150 kt (est. 6%)Brazil88 kt (est. 4%)Norway57 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins377 kt (est. 16%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data235 kt (10%)Italy: crude not from imports45 kt (2%)Egypt: no crude data42 kt (2%)Israel: no crude data27 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.02 Mt (85%)Saudi Arabia235 kt (10%)Egypt42 kt (2%)Greece33 kt (1%)Israel27 kt (1%)Netherlands11 kt (<1%)France4.9 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.8 kt (<1%)Belgium0.1 kt (<1%)Germany0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.37 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Greece
- Israel
- Netherlands
- France
- Slovakia
- Other (3)
- Libya483 kt (est. 20%)
- Kazakhstan359 kt (est. 15%)
- United States254 kt (est. 11%)
- Azerbaijan254 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia150 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil88 kt (est. 4%)
- Norway57 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins377 kt (est. 16%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data235 kt (10%)
- Italy: crude not from imports45 kt (2%)
- Egypt: no crude data42 kt (2%)
- Israel: no crude data27 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Where the fuel was refined
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,019,600 | 85.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 234,892 | 9.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 41,993 | 1.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,947 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Israel | Italy: road diesel supply | 26,934 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 11,316 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| France | Italy: road diesel supply | 4,892 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by country of origin, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 477,928 | 23.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 363,634 | 18.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 348,467 | 17.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 253,908 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 245,222 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 234,892 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 147,597 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy (own refineries) | 87,199 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Italy (own refineries) | 50,225 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 45,420 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 41,993 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 26,934 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 8,240 | 25.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 8,093 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Greece | 4,797 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,773 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Greece | 4,551 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,050 | 27.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,943 | 26.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Netherlands | 1,967 | 17.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,796 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1,591 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,141 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1,096 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 995 | 8.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 974 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 897 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 698 | 2.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 642 | 81.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | France | 432 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 373 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 234 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 136 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 122 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 90 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 75 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 57 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Slovakia | 43 | 5.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 41 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Belgium | 40 | 30.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Slovakia | 37 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 36 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Slovakia | 35 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 28 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 21 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 19 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 18 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 16 | 28.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 12 | 22.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 9 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Norway | Germany | 9 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 8 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 5 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 3 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 3 | 1.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 2 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1 | 2.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-04 to 2026-06. Confidence: medium. |
6 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the countries whose refineries made it. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2026-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-06 (latest month all EU member states reported). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-04 to 2026-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (234,892 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (45,420 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Egypt: no crude data (41,993 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (26,934 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,097 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (775 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (21 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only; fuel re-exported through a supplier is not followed further.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.