Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2026, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,059 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (22%), Kazakhstan (12%) and Azerbaijan (11%), and 17% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya458 kt (est. 22%)Kazakhstan238 kt (est. 12%)Azerbaijan222 kt (est. 11%)United States162 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia157 kt (est. 8%)Mexico65 kt (est. 3%)Iraq58 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins357 kt (est. 17%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data215 kt (10%)Egypt: no crude data60 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data27 kt (1%)Italy: crude not from imports23 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.70 Mt (83%)Saudi Arabia215 kt (10%)Egypt60 kt (3%)Kuwait27 kt (1%)Netherlands24 kt (1%)France15 kt (<1%)Albania14 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.6 kt (<1%)Belgium0.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.2 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.06 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Kuwait
- Netherlands
- France
- Albania
- Slovakia
- Other (3)
- Libya458 kt (est. 22%)
- Kazakhstan238 kt (est. 12%)
- Azerbaijan222 kt (est. 11%)
- United States162 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia157 kt (est. 8%)
- Mexico65 kt (est. 3%)
- Iraq58 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins357 kt (est. 17%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data215 kt (10%)
- Egypt: no crude data60 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data27 kt (1%)
- Italy: crude not from imports23 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Total supply (Apr 2026)
2.06 million tonnes
100% of Italy's road diesel supply
Official
Last shipped from
- Italy (own refineries)1.70 Mt (83%)
- Saudi Arabia215 kt (10%)
- Egypt60 kt (3%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis)
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,701,841 | 82.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 214,695 | 10.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 60,385 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 27,489 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 23,583 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Italy: road diesel supply | 15,374 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Albania | Italy: road diesel supply | 13,871 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 456,825 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 336,931 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 233,902 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 221,697 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 214,695 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 155,555 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 152,699 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy (own refineries) | 64,873 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 60,385 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 56,557 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 27,489 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 22,803 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Albania | 13,871 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 12,786 | 54.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6,469 | 42.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 4,773 | 20.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 4,203 | 27.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,347 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,184 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,011 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 985 | 60.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 854 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 654 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 591 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 583 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 563 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 317 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 278 | 17.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 249 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Slovakia | 247 | 15.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 232 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 167 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 164 | 68.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 109 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Netherlands | 96 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Slovakia | 92 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 37 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 27 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 15 | 1.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 14 | 50.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 6 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 5 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 3 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1 | 4.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 1 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Germany | 0 | 0.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-02 to 2026-04. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2026-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-02 to 2026-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (214,695 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (60,385 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (27,489 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (22,803 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (14,103 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,576 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (17 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.