Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2023, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,782 kt: 85% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (17%), Libya (16%) and the United States (15%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan474 kt (est. 17%)Libya450 kt (est. 16%)United States428 kt (est. 15%)Iraq178 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia170 kt (est. 6%)Kazakhstan168 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria86 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins393 kt (est. 14%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data131 kt (5%)India: no crude data96 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data64 kt (2%)Italy: crude not from imports46 kt (2%)Italy: crude origin not reported38 kt (1%)Egypt: no crude data33 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery10 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.36 Mt (85%)United Arab Emirates131 kt (5%)India96 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia64 kt (2%)Spain62 kt (2%)Egypt33 kt (1%)Türkiye15 kt (<1%)Belgium14 kt (<1%)Malta10 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.4 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.2 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.78 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- India
- Saudi Arabia
- Spain
- Egypt
- Türkiye
- Belgium
- Other (4)
- Azerbaijan474 kt (est. 17%)
- Libya450 kt (est. 16%)
- United States428 kt (est. 15%)
- Iraq178 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia170 kt (est. 6%)
- Kazakhstan168 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria86 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins393 kt (est. 14%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data131 kt (5%)
- India: no crude data96 kt (3%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data64 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude not from imports46 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported38 kt (1%)
- Egypt: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery10 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2023)
32.8 thousand tonnes
1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Egypt: no crude data33 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,355,415 | 84.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Italy: road diesel supply | 131,343 | 4.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Italy: road diesel supply | 95,608 | 3.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 64,473 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: road diesel supply | 62,341 | 2.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,848 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 14,500 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Italy: road diesel supply | 14,378 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malta | Italy: road diesel supply | 10,014 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 473,241 | 20.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 445,438 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 415,644 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 353,603 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 174,235 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 165,374 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 164,778 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 131,343 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| India: no crude data | India | 95,608 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 78,889 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 64,473 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 45,723 | 1.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 38,491 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 32,848 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 29,221 | 46.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 14,500 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Malta | 10,014 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States | Spain | 10,004 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 8,378 | 58.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 7,063 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 4,750 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 4,476 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 3,307 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,111 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,042 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,375 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,350 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,012 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 816 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 666 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 521 | 0.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 457 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 290 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 127 | 0.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 80 | 83.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 77 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 48 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 47 | 46.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 16 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 11 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 11 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 6 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 5 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 4 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 3 | 4.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 1 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2023-07 to 2023-09. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2023-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-07 to 2023-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (131,343 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- India: no crude data (95,608 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (64,473 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (45,723 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (38,491 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Egypt: no crude data (32,848 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (14,500 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (10,014 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,537 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (421 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.