Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2024, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,763 kt: 88% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (17%), Kazakhstan (12%) and Azerbaijan (11%), and 21% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya472 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan344 kt (est. 12%)Azerbaijan317 kt (est. 11%)United States256 kt (est. 9%)Iraq209 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria148 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia128 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins307 kt (est. 11%)Italy: crude not from imports248 kt (9%)Türkiye: no crude data103 kt (4%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data101 kt (4%)Egypt: no crude data56 kt (2%)Italy: crude origin not reported41 kt (1%)Bulgaria: crude origin not reported28 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.43 Mt (88%)Türkiye103 kt (4%)United Arab Emirates101 kt (4%)Egypt56 kt (2%)Greece36 kt (1%)Bulgaria30 kt (1%)Netherlands10 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.7 kt (<1%)Belgium0.4 kt (<1%)Germany0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.76 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- United Arab Emirates
- Egypt
- Greece
- Bulgaria
- Netherlands
- Slovakia
- Other (2)
- Libya472 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan344 kt (est. 12%)
- Azerbaijan317 kt (est. 11%)
- United States256 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq209 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria148 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia128 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins307 kt (est. 11%)
- Italy: crude not from imports248 kt (9%)
- Türkiye: no crude data103 kt (4%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data101 kt (4%)
- Egypt: no crude data56 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported41 kt (1%)
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported28 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Mar 2024)
55.7 thousand tonnes
2% of Italy's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Egypt: no crude data56 kt (100%)
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,425,475 | 87.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 103,436 | 3.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Italy: road diesel supply | 100,639 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 55,678 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 36,151 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Bulgaria | Italy: road diesel supply | 29,966 | 1.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 10,229 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 466,727 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 333,137 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 316,491 | 13.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 298,494 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 253,079 | 10.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 248,290 | 10.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 196,863 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 147,117 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 124,166 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 103,436 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 100,639 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 55,678 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 41,111 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Bulgaria: crude origin not reported | Bulgaria | 28,290 | 94.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 11,756 | 32.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 9,601 | 26.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,380 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,786 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,560 | 34.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,381 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,976 | 29.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Bulgaria | 1,676 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,492 | 4.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 826 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 812 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 782 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 755 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 740 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 665 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 608 | 5.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 150 | 39.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 78 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 43 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 41 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 28 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 27 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 27 | 40.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 13 | 19.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 8 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 8 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 6 | 8.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 5 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 3 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 2 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 1 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-01 to 2024-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2024-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-01 to 2024-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (248,290 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (103,436 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (100,639 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (55,678 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (41,111 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Bulgaria: crude origin not reported (28,290 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,134 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,677 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.