Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2026, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,226 kt: 77% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (17%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (21%), Azerbaijan (12%) and Iraq (7%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya476 kt (est. 21%)Azerbaijan265 kt (est. 12%)Iraq163 kt (est. 7%)Kazakhstan155 kt (est. 7%)United States152 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia132 kt (est. 6%)Algeria61 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins321 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data386 kt (17%)Italy: crude not from imports53 kt (2%)Italy: crude origin not reported43 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.2 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.72 Mt (77%)Saudi Arabia386 kt (17%)Greece33 kt (1%)Belgium31 kt (1%)Spain21 kt (<1%)Egypt15 kt (<1%)Netherlands10 kt (<1%)France6.8 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.1 kt (<1%)Slovenia0.2 kt (<1%)Other suppliersless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.23 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Belgium
- Spain
- Egypt
- Netherlands
- France
- Other (4)
- Libya476 kt (est. 21%)
- Azerbaijan265 kt (est. 12%)
- Iraq163 kt (est. 7%)
- Kazakhstan155 kt (est. 7%)
- United States152 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia132 kt (est. 6%)
- Algeria61 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins321 kt (est. 14%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data386 kt (17%)
- Italy: crude not from imports53 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported43 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data15 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Feb 2026)
6.8 thousand tonnes
<1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- United States2.2 kt (est. 32%)
- Other crude origins2.1 kt (est. 32%)
- Kazakhstan0.8 kt (est. 11%)
and 5 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,722,208 | 77.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 385,765 | 17.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,880 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Italy: road diesel supply | 31,113 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: road diesel supply | 20,500 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 15,223 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 10,444 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Italy: road diesel supply | 6,773 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 467,933 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 385,765 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 278,902 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 264,044 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 145,621 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 143,307 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 137,905 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 128,529 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy (own refineries) | 59,677 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 52,998 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 43,291 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 20,408 | 65.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Egypt | 15,223 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 13,948 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 10,945 | 53.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 6,690 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 6,408 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,615 | 17.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 5,173 | 49.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,151 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 3,041 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2,713 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,648 | 25.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,293 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2,178 | 32.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2,148 | 31.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 1,906 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,624 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,241 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,093 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Spain | 1,047 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 985 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 843 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 830 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 768 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 757 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 751 | 71.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 711 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 604 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 395 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 391 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 243 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 223 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 214 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 171 | 16.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 156 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 147 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 108 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 107 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 75 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 74 | 0.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Slovakia | 64 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 64 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 21 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 17 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 11 | 43.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 4 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 4 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 4 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 1 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-12 to 2026-02. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2026-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-12 to 2026-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (385,765 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (52,998 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (43,291 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (15,244 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (834 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (577 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (214 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.