Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In September 2025, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,543 kt: 84% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (10%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (20%), Azerbaijan (13%) and Kazakhstan (9%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya515 kt (est. 20%)Azerbaijan324 kt (est. 13%)Kazakhstan229 kt (est. 9%)United States194 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia158 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria150 kt (est. 6%)Brazil83 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins319 kt (est. 13%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data254 kt (10%)Italy: crude not from imports175 kt (7%)Kuwait: no crude data65 kt (3%)United States: no crude data41 kt (2%)Egypt: no crude data35 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no refinery1.7 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.14 Mt (84%)Saudi Arabia254 kt (10%)Kuwait65 kt (3%)United States41 kt (2%)Egypt35 kt (1%)Netherlands3.1 kt (<1%)Slovenia1.7 kt (<1%)Belgium0.4 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.54 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Kuwait
- United States
- Egypt
- Netherlands
- Slovenia
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- Libya515 kt (est. 20%)
- Azerbaijan324 kt (est. 13%)
- Kazakhstan229 kt (est. 9%)
- United States194 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia158 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria150 kt (est. 6%)
- Brazil83 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins319 kt (est. 13%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data254 kt (10%)
- Italy: crude not from imports175 kt (7%)
- Kuwait: no crude data65 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data41 kt (2%)
- Egypt: no crude data35 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery1.7 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Sep 2025)
less than 50 tonnes
<1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. 37%)
- Libyaless than 0.1 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstanless than 0.1 kt (est. 14%)
and 7 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,143,020 | 84.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 253,646 | 10.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 64,923 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Italy: road diesel supply | 40,701 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 35,374 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 3,096 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 514,816 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 323,719 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 317,080 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 253,646 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 228,138 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 193,389 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 175,290 | 8.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 158,179 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 149,513 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Italy (own refineries) | 82,895 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 64,923 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 40,701 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 35,374 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 1,739 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,323 | 42.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 606 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 464 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 297 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 191 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 179 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 175 | 48.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 67 | 18.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 45 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 35 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 28 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 21 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 16 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 7 | 36.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 4 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 3 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 3 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 2 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1 | 7.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 0 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-07 to 2025-09. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-09 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-09 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2025-09, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-09 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-07 to 2025-09.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (253,646 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (175,290 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Kuwait: no crude data (64,923 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (40,701 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (35,374 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (1,739 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (220 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.