Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2024, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,028 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (18%), Azerbaijan (12%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 26% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya362 kt (est. 18%)Azerbaijan251 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan230 kt (est. 11%)Iraq164 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia142 kt (est. 7%)Nigeria82 kt (est. 4%)United States78 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins181 kt (est. 9%)Italy: crude not from imports158 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data151 kt (7%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data74 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data66 kt (3%)Egypt: no crude data56 kt (3%)Türkiye: no crude data31 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.61 Mt (79%)Saudi Arabia151 kt (7%)United Arab Emirates74 kt (4%)Kuwait66 kt (3%)Egypt56 kt (3%)Greece33 kt (2%)Türkiye31 kt (2%)Spain4.2 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.3 kt (<1%)Belgium0.2 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.03 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Kuwait
- Egypt
- Greece
- Türkiye
- Spain
- Other (5)
- Libya362 kt (est. 18%)
- Azerbaijan251 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan230 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq164 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia142 kt (est. 7%)
- Nigeria82 kt (est. 4%)
- United States78 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins181 kt (est. 9%)
- Italy: crude not from imports158 kt (8%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data151 kt (7%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data74 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data66 kt (3%)
- Egypt: no crude data56 kt (3%)
- Türkiye: no crude data31 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports1.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jun 2024)
32.8 thousand tonnes
2% of Italy's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Iraq10 kt (est. 32%)
- Kazakhstan7.7 kt (est. 23%)
- Libya7.2 kt (est. 22%)
and 4 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,611,885 | 79.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 150,707 | 7.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Italy: road diesel supply | 73,929 | 3.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 65,778 | 3.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 55,985 | 2.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,838 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 31,218 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: road diesel supply | 4,166 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 354,721 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 251,056 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 222,314 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 175,403 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 158,248 | 9.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 153,376 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 150,707 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 138,752 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 80,776 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 77,238 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 73,929 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 65,778 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 55,985 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 31,218 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 10,392 | 31.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 7,663 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 7,231 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,095 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 2,825 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 2,120 | 50.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 976 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 920 | 72.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 702 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 654 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 405 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 311 | 24.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 251 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 248 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 171 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 154 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 116 | 2.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 69 | 35.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 48 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 39 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 35 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 29 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 28 | 70.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 27 | 13.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 16 | 40.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 14 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 10 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 10 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 7 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 7 | 16.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 6 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 4 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 4 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 3 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 3 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 1 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-04 to 2024-06. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2024-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-04 to 2024-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (158,248 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (150,707 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (73,929 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (65,778 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (55,985 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (31,218 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1,289 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (149 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (48 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.