Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2025, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,865 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (12%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (18%), Azerbaijan (12%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 23% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya516 kt (est. 18%)Azerbaijan356 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan301 kt (est. 11%)United States190 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia173 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria142 kt (est. 5%)Iraq128 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins407 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data349 kt (12%)Italy: crude not from imports212 kt (7%)United States: no crude data39 kt (1%)Egypt: no crude data30 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data20 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.37 Mt (83%)Saudi Arabia349 kt (12%)United States39 kt (1%)Greece33 kt (1%)Egypt30 kt (1%)India20 kt (<1%)Netherlands17 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.0 kt (<1%)Belgium0.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.87 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- United States
- Greece
- Egypt
- India
- Netherlands
- Slovakia
- Other (2)
- Libya516 kt (est. 18%)
- Azerbaijan356 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan301 kt (est. 11%)
- United States190 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia173 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria142 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq128 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins407 kt (est. 14%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data349 kt (12%)
- Italy: crude not from imports212 kt (7%)
- United States: no crude data39 kt (1%)
- Egypt: no crude data30 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data20 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Aug 2025)
33.2 thousand tonnes
1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Iraq9.6 kt (est. 29%)
- Kazakhstan8.7 kt (est. 26%)
- Other crude origins5.8 kt (est. 17%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,374,984 | 82.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 349,159 | 12.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Italy: road diesel supply | 39,134 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 33,153 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 30,000 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Italy: road diesel supply | 19,984 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 17,452 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 510,409 | 21.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 393,082 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 355,508 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 349,159 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 289,809 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 212,192 | 8.9% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 186,870 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 169,570 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 140,549 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 116,995 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 39,134 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 30,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | India | 19,984 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 9,592 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 8,741 | 26.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 7,612 | 43.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 5,791 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 5,179 | 15.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 3,289 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,059 | 9.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,475 | 14.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,411 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,281 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 988 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 835 | 81.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 790 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 397 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 129 | 58.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 72 | 7.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 71 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 44 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 42 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 27 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 9 | 3.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 6 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 4 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 3 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 1 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-06 to 2025-08. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2025-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-06 to 2025-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (349,159 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (212,192 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United States: no crude data (39,134 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (30,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (19,990 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,287 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (72 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.