Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2024, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,597 kt: 91% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (17%), Azerbaijan (14%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 12% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya435 kt (est. 17%)Azerbaijan366 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan292 kt (est. 11%)United States278 kt (est. 11%)Iraq239 kt (est. 9%)Nigeria170 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia102 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins404 kt (est. 16%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data100 kt (4%)Italy: crude origin not reported80 kt (3%)Italy: crude not from imports67 kt (3%)Türkiye: no crude data56 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.37 Mt (91%)Saudi Arabia100 kt (4%)Türkiye56 kt (2%)Spain33 kt (1%)Greece23 kt (<1%)Egypt7.0 kt (<1%)Netherlands6.4 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.5 kt (<1%)Belgium0.3 kt (<1%)Germany0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.60 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Türkiye
- Spain
- Greece
- Egypt
- Netherlands
- Slovakia
- Other (2)
- Libya435 kt (est. 17%)
- Azerbaijan366 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan292 kt (est. 11%)
- United States278 kt (est. 11%)
- Iraq239 kt (est. 9%)
- Nigeria170 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia102 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins404 kt (est. 16%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data100 kt (4%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported80 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude not from imports67 kt (3%)
- Türkiye: no crude data56 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data7.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.9 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.7 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2024)
292.1 thousand tonnes
est. 11% of Italy's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported292 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy (own refineries)284 kt (est. 97%)
- Greece6.3 kt (est. 2%)
- Spain0.9 kt (est. <1%)
and 3 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,371,231 | 91.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 99,745 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 55,601 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,946 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 23,000 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 6,995 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 6,367 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 429,315 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 382,480 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 364,909 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 284,473 | 12.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 269,636 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 229,625 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 164,884 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 99,745 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 98,953 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 80,005 | 3.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 66,951 | 2.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 55,601 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 16,605 | 50.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 8,180 | 35.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Egypt | 6,995 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 6,264 | 27.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 5,953 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 4,254 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 3,474 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 2,444 | 38.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 2,263 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 1,876 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,827 | 28.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,707 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 1,416 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 913 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 636 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 554 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 545 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 530 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 518 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Greece | 493 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 489 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 436 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 394 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 381 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 332 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 187 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 172 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 107 | 42.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 53 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 33 | 41.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 26 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 25 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 21 | 8.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Germany | 18 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 11 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 10 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 8 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 7 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 6 | 7.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 2 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 2 | 2.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 2 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-12 to 2024-02. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2024-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-12 to 2024-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (99,745 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (80,005 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Italy: crude not from imports (66,951 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (55,601 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (6,995 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (897 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (693 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.