Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2025, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,051 kt: 81% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (11%) and India (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (18%), Azerbaijan (12%) and the United States (11%), and 29% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya365 kt (est. 18%)Azerbaijan241 kt (est. 12%)United States221 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan165 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria91 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia88 kt (est. 4%)Iraq88 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins198 kt (est. 10%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data218 kt (11%)Italy: crude not from imports210 kt (10%)India: no crude data103 kt (5%)Egypt: no crude data30 kt (1%)Malta: no refinery24 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data8.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.66 Mt (81%)Saudi Arabia218 kt (11%)India103 kt (5%)Egypt30 kt (1%)Malta24 kt (1%)Netherlands9.3 kt (<1%)Albania8.3 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.3 kt (<1%)Belgium0.3 kt (<1%)Germany0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.05 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- India
- Egypt
- Malta
- Netherlands
- Albania
- Slovakia
- Other (2)
- Libya365 kt (est. 18%)
- Azerbaijan241 kt (est. 12%)
- United States221 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan165 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria91 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia88 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq88 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins198 kt (est. 10%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data218 kt (11%)
- Italy: crude not from imports210 kt (10%)
- India: no crude data103 kt (5%)
- Egypt: no crude data30 kt (1%)
- Malta: no refinery24 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data8.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2025)
165.5 thousand tonnes
est. 8% of Italy's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported165 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy (own refineries)164 kt (est. 99%)
- Netherlands1.4 kt (est. <1%)
- Belgium0.1 kt (est. <1%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,655,945 | 80.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 218,212 | 10.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| India | Italy: road diesel supply | 103,085 | 5.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 30,480 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malta | Italy: road diesel supply | 23,720 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 9,312 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Albania | Italy: road diesel supply | 8,300 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 364,665 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 240,754 | 14.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 218,427 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 218,212 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 209,779 | 12.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 192,510 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 164,061 | 9.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| India: no crude data | India | 103,085 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 89,846 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 88,168 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 87,734 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 30,480 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Malta: no refinery | Malta | 23,720 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Albania | 8,300 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,723 | 40.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,078 | 22.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,364 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,067 | 81.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 666 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 601 | 6.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 545 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 334 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 189 | 56.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 131 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 109 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 59 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 46 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 22 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 19 | 35.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 16 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 8 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 8 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 7 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 5 | 9.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 3 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 1 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1 | 1.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-09 to 2025-11. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2025-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-09 to 2025-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (218,212 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (209,779 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- India: no crude data (103,085 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (30,480 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malta: no refinery (23,720 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (8,300 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (629 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (335 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.