Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In August 2023, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,527 kt: 84% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (17%), Libya (16%) and the United States (12%), and 19% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan421 kt (est. 17%)Libya413 kt (est. 16%)United States308 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan214 kt (est. 8%)Iraq182 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia121 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria92 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins286 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data203 kt (8%)Italy: crude not from imports92 kt (4%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data85 kt (3%)Egypt: no crude data53 kt (2%)Italy: crude origin not reported37 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no refinery19 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.12 Mt (84%)Saudi Arabia203 kt (8%)United Arab Emirates85 kt (3%)Egypt53 kt (2%)Greece50 kt (2%)Malta19 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.3 kt (<1%)Belgium0.2 kt (<1%)Netherlands0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.53 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Egypt
- Greece
- Malta
- Slovakia
- Belgium
- Other (2)
- Azerbaijan421 kt (est. 17%)
- Libya413 kt (est. 16%)
- United States308 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan214 kt (est. 8%)
- Iraq182 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia121 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria92 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins286 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data203 kt (8%)
- Italy: crude not from imports92 kt (4%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data85 kt (3%)
- Egypt: no crude data53 kt (2%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported37 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery19 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Aug 2023)
413.2 thousand tonnes
est. 16% of Italy's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported413 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy (own refineries)405 kt (est. 98%)
- Greece8.0 kt (est. 2%)
- Germanyless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,116,045 | 83.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 202,919 | 8.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Arab Emirates | Italy: road diesel supply | 84,526 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 53,000 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 50,147 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malta | Italy: road diesel supply | 18,500 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 420,408 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 405,243 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 308,382 | 14.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 279,864 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 202,919 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 201,509 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 160,688 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 118,896 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 92,373 | 4.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 91,905 | 4.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 84,526 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 53,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 36,778 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Greece | 21,771 | 43.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Malta | 18,500 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 12,397 | 24.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 7,991 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 4,895 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 2,313 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,305 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 780 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 133 | 59.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 31 | 41.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 27 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 26 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 18 | 24.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 15 | 6.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 11 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 10 | 36.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 8 | 10.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 7 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 5 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 4 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 4 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 4 | 1.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 3 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 3 | 3.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 2 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1 | 3.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 1 | 3.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1 | 0.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2023-06 to 2023-08. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-08 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-08 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2023-08, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2023-08 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-06 to 2023-08.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (202,919 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (92,373 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (84,526 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (53,000 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (36,778 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (18,500 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (19 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.