Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In April 2024, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,338 kt: 87% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (17%), Kazakhstan (14%) and Azerbaijan (14%), and 20% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya396 kt (est. 17%)Kazakhstan330 kt (est. 14%)Azerbaijan327 kt (est. 14%)United States167 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia151 kt (est. 6%)Iraq140 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria107 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins249 kt (est. 11%)Italy: crude not from imports152 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data141 kt (6%)Kuwait: no crude data98 kt (4%)Türkiye: no crude data40 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data23 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.03 Mt (87%)Saudi Arabia141 kt (6%)Kuwait98 kt (4%)Türkiye40 kt (2%)Egypt22 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.4 kt (<1%)Belgium0.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands0.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.34 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Kuwait
- Türkiye
- Egypt
- Slovakia
- Belgium
- Netherlands
- Other (3)
- Libya396 kt (est. 17%)
- Kazakhstan330 kt (est. 14%)
- Azerbaijan327 kt (est. 14%)
- United States167 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia151 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq140 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria107 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins249 kt (est. 11%)
- Italy: crude not from imports152 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data141 kt (6%)
- Kuwait: no crude data98 kt (4%)
- Türkiye: no crude data40 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data23 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Apr 2024)
106.8 thousand tonnes
est. 5% of Italy's road diesel supply
less than 0.1 kt reported107 kt estimated
Inferred · medium
Last shipped from
- Italy (own refineries)107 kt (est. 100%)
- Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
- Netherlandsless than 0.1 kt (est. <1%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,034,823 | 87.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 140,966 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 97,998 | 4.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 39,833 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 22,498 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 395,775 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 330,273 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 327,338 | 16.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 247,144 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 166,980 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 152,113 | 7.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 150,842 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 140,966 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 139,662 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 106,796 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 97,998 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 39,833 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Egypt | 22,498 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 17,899 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,390 | 100.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 136 | 38.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 74 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Belgium | 65 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 48 | 31.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 46 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 46 | 12.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 41 | 26.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 32 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 21 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 18 | 11.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 15 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 12 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 11 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 10 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 10 | 35.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 8 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 7 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 5 | 18.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 5 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 4 | 16.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 4 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 4 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 3 | 9.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Germany | 2 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 2 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 2 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-02 to 2024-04. Confidence: medium. |
6 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-04 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-04 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2024-04, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2024-04 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-02 to 2024-04.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (152,113 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (140,966 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (97,998 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (39,833 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (22,572 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (17,946 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (0 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.