Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In October 2025, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,254 kt: 81% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (20%), Azerbaijan (12%) and the United States (11%), and 23% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya444 kt (est. 20%)Azerbaijan273 kt (est. 12%)United States248 kt (est. 11%)Kazakhstan169 kt (est. 8%)Nigeria126 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia123 kt (est. 5%)Iraq59 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins282 kt (est. 13%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data251 kt (11%)Italy: crude not from imports134 kt (6%)Oman: no crude data67 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data35 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data27 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no refinery13 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.82 Mt (81%)Saudi Arabia251 kt (11%)Oman67 kt (3%)Netherlands44 kt (2%)Kuwait35 kt (2%)Egypt22 kt (<1%)Malta13 kt (<1%)United Kingdom4.5 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.0 kt (<1%)Belgium0.3 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.25 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Oman
- Netherlands
- Kuwait
- Egypt
- Malta
- United Kingdom
- Other (4)
- Libya444 kt (est. 20%)
- Azerbaijan273 kt (est. 12%)
- United States248 kt (est. 11%)
- Kazakhstan169 kt (est. 8%)
- Nigeria126 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia123 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq59 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins282 kt (est. 13%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data251 kt (11%)
- Italy: crude not from imports134 kt (6%)
- Oman: no crude data67 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data35 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data27 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery13 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Oct 2025)
1.82 million tonnes
81% of Italy's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Libya444 kt (est. 24%)
- Azerbaijan273 kt (est. 15%)
- Other crude origins261 kt (est. 14%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,816,022 | 80.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 251,272 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Oman | Italy: road diesel supply | 67,030 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 43,849 | 1.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 34,914 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 22,082 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malta | Italy: road diesel supply | 12,951 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United Kingdom | Italy: road diesel supply | 4,482 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 444,308 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 273,029 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 260,652 | 14.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 251,272 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 239,192 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 162,973 | 9.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 133,935 | 7.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 123,587 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 122,190 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Oman: no crude data | Oman | 67,030 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 56,156 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 34,914 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Egypt | 22,082 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 20,491 | 46.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Malta | 12,951 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| United States | Netherlands | 9,170 | 20.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 6,169 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 4,482 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2,564 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,544 | 5.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 2,414 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 831 | 81.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 497 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 183 | 56.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 127 | 12.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Other suppliers | 107 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 67 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 58 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 38 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 26 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 11 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 9 | 34.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 4 | 14.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 4 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 4 | 13.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 4 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 2 | 8.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 2 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1 | 5.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 1 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 1 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-08 to 2025-10. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-10 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-10 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2025-10, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-10 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-08 to 2025-10.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (251,272 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (133,935 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Oman: no crude data (67,030 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (34,914 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (26,564 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (13,058 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,573 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (4 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.