Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2026, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,346 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (13%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (21%), Azerbaijan (13%) and Iraq (8%), and 25% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya485 kt (est. 21%)Azerbaijan296 kt (est. 13%)Iraq197 kt (est. 8%)Kazakhstan184 kt (est. 8%)United States175 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia98 kt (est. 4%)Algeria75 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins258 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data300 kt (13%)Italy: crude not from imports193 kt (8%)Italy: crude origin not reported49 kt (2%)Egypt: no crude data31 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.94 Mt (83%)Saudi Arabia300 kt (13%)Greece63 kt (3%)Egypt31 kt (1%)Netherlands7.8 kt (<1%)France3.5 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.3 kt (<1%)Belgium0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.35 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Egypt
- Netherlands
- France
- Slovakia
- Belgium
- Other (1)
- Libya485 kt (est. 21%)
- Azerbaijan296 kt (est. 13%)
- Iraq197 kt (est. 8%)
- Kazakhstan184 kt (est. 8%)
- United States175 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia98 kt (est. 4%)
- Algeria75 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins258 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data300 kt (13%)
- Italy: crude not from imports193 kt (8%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported49 kt (2%)
- Egypt: no crude data31 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports3.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.5 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Jan 2026)
1.94 million tonnes
83% of Italy's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Libya475 kt (est. 25%)
- Azerbaijan295 kt (est. 15%)
- Other crude origins248 kt (est. 13%)
and 7 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,938,869 | 82.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 300,172 | 12.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 62,637 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 31,406 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 7,793 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Italy: road diesel supply | 3,498 | 0.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 475,121 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 300,172 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 294,920 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 247,689 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 193,019 | 10.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 172,247 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 170,380 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 168,426 | 8.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 94,016 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Italy (own refineries) | 74,420 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 48,631 | 2.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 31,406 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 25,959 | 41.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 13,835 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 9,731 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 4,784 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,909 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,707 | 47.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 3,138 | 5.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 2,013 | 25.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,281 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1,174 | 33.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,059 | 83.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 942 | 26.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 832 | 10.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 691 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 436 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 394 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | France | 343 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 228 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 221 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 108 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 105 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 94 | 7.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 85 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 73 | 65.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 55 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 34 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Algeria | Netherlands | 29 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 23 | 20.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Slovakia | 16 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 13 | 11.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 11 | 39.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 4 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 4 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 4 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 3 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2 | 6.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Algeria | Germany | 0 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 0 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 0 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 0 | 0.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2025-11 to 2026-01. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2026-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-11 to 2026-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (300,172 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (193,019 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (48,631 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Egypt: no crude data (31,406 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (3,341 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (471 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.