Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In December 2024, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,600 kt: 88% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (17%), Azerbaijan (14%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya434 kt (est. 17%)Azerbaijan354 kt (est. 14%)Kazakhstan313 kt (est. 12%)Iraq198 kt (est. 8%)Saudi Arabia184 kt (est. 7%)United States158 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria132 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins436 kt (est. 17%)Italy: crude not from imports108 kt (4%)Türkiye: no crude data78 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data68 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data66 kt (3%)Malta: no refinery32 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data18 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.29 Mt (88%)Türkiye78 kt (3%)Kuwait68 kt (3%)Saudi Arabia66 kt (3%)Malta32 kt (1%)Spain20 kt (<1%)Egypt18 kt (<1%)Belgium14 kt (<1%)France10 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.3 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.60 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Kuwait
- Saudi Arabia
- Malta
- Spain
- Egypt
- Belgium
- Other (4)
- Libya434 kt (est. 17%)
- Azerbaijan354 kt (est. 14%)
- Kazakhstan313 kt (est. 12%)
- Iraq198 kt (est. 8%)
- Saudi Arabia184 kt (est. 7%)
- United States158 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria132 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins436 kt (est. 17%)
- Italy: crude not from imports108 kt (4%)
- Türkiye: no crude data78 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data68 kt (3%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data66 kt (3%)
- Malta: no refinery32 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported24 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data18 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (Dec 2024)
104 tonnes
<1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Calculated
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (50%)
- Other crude originsless than 0.1 kt (est. 20%)
- United Statesless than 0.1 kt (est. 15%)
and 6 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,294,595 | 88.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 77,851 | 3.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 68,316 | 2.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 65,603 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malta | Italy: road diesel supply | 31,835 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: road diesel supply | 19,951 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 17,539 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Italy: road diesel supply | 14,099 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Italy: road diesel supply | 10,204 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 431,110 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 414,905 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 353,862 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 309,958 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 195,385 | 8.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 182,356 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 149,217 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 128,749 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 107,712 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 77,851 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 68,316 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 65,603 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Malta: no refinery | Malta | 31,835 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 21,341 | 0.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Egypt | 17,539 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 10,379 | 52.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 7,314 | 51.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 2,944 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 2,931 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 2,873 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 2,706 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,037 | 10.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,290 | 9.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Spain | 1,246 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,172 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,104 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,068 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 929 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 888 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 878 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 858 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | France | 782 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 625 | 3.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 622 | 4.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 511 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 369 | 3.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 218 | 2.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 216 | 81.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 205 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 110 | 0.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 108 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 74 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 52 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 34 | 12.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 21 | 40.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 15 | 5.8% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 15 | 29.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 11 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 5 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 4 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 3 | 6.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 2 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 1 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-10 to 2024-12. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-12 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-12 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2024-12, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-12 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-10 to 2024-12.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (107,712 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (77,851 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (68,316 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (65,603 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malta: no refinery (31,835 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (23,711 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (17,591 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (136 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.