Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2026, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,647 kt: 86% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (8%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (22%), Kazakhstan (14%) and Azerbaijan (12%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya570 kt (est. 22%)Kazakhstan370 kt (est. 14%)Azerbaijan314 kt (est. 12%)United States241 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia178 kt (est. 7%)Brazil65 kt (est. 2%)Venezuela58 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins424 kt (est. 16%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data215 kt (8%)Italy: crude not from imports108 kt (4%)Egypt: no crude data60 kt (2%)Kuwait: no crude data27 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.29 Mt (86%)Saudi Arabia215 kt (8%)Egypt60 kt (2%)Kuwait27 kt (1%)Netherlands24 kt (<1%)France15 kt (<1%)Albania14 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.6 kt (<1%)Belgium0.2 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.2 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.65 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Kuwait
- Netherlands
- France
- Albania
- Slovakia
- Other (3)
- Libya570 kt (est. 22%)
- Kazakhstan370 kt (est. 14%)
- Azerbaijan314 kt (est. 12%)
- United States241 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia178 kt (est. 7%)
- Brazil65 kt (est. 2%)
- Venezuela58 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins424 kt (est. 16%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data215 kt (8%)
- Italy: crude not from imports108 kt (4%)
- Egypt: no crude data60 kt (2%)
- Kuwait: no crude data27 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Road diesel supplied (May 2026)
1.6 thousand tonnes
<1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Official
Crude behind it (estimate)
- Other crude origins1.1 kt (est. 67%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.3 kt (17%)
- Saudi Arabia0.2 kt (est. 11%)
and 1 more in the table above
Source: Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis); Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,289,704 | 86.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 214,695 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 60,385 | 2.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 27,489 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 23,583 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Italy: road diesel supply | 15,374 | 0.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Albania | Italy: road diesel supply | 13,871 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 569,059 | 24.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 405,731 | 17.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 364,498 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 313,646 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 231,635 | 10.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 214,695 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 176,685 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 108,491 | 4.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Brazil | Italy (own refineries) | 62,527 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 60,385 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Venezuela | Italy (own refineries) | 57,432 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 27,489 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Albania | 13,871 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 11,058 | 46.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6,195 | 40.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,782 | 24.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,684 | 24.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 2,912 | 18.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,246 | 9.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Netherlands | 1,715 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,659 | 7.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,086 | 67.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 827 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | France | 692 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 684 | 4.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 578 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Slovakia | 267 | 16.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 232 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 227 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 218 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Venezuela | Netherlands | 190 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 185 | 11.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 162 | 1.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 161 | 66.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 127 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Slovakia | 78 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 33 | 13.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 32 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 14 | 50.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Belgium | 6 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Germany | 5 | 17.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 4 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 4 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 3 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 2 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2 | 0.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Venezuela | Belgium | 1 | 0.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1 | 3.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 1 | 2.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 1 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Brazil | Germany | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2026-03 to 2026-05. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2026-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2026-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-03 to 2026-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (214,695 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (108,491 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Egypt: no crude data (60,385 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (27,489 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (14,103 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2,090 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.