Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In January 2025, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,539 kt: 89% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Türkiye (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (21%), Azerbaijan (12%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 15% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya535 kt (est. 21%)Azerbaijan299 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan291 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia185 kt (est. 7%)Iraq184 kt (est. 7%)United States150 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria117 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins403 kt (est. 16%)Italy: crude not from imports139 kt (5%)Türkiye: no crude data129 kt (5%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data43 kt (2%)Israel: no crude data33 kt (1%)Egypt: no crude data30 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.25 Mt (89%)Türkiye129 kt (5%)Greece51 kt (2%)Saudi Arabia43 kt (2%)Israel33 kt (1%)Egypt30 kt (1%)Slovakia0.5 kt (<1%)Belgium0.3 kt (<1%)Netherlands0.1 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Germanyless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.54 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Türkiye
- Greece
- Saudi Arabia
- Israel
- Egypt
- Slovakia
- Belgium
- Other (3)
- Libya535 kt (est. 21%)
- Azerbaijan299 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan291 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia185 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq184 kt (est. 7%)
- United States150 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria117 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins403 kt (est. 16%)
- Italy: crude not from imports139 kt (5%)
- Türkiye: no crude data129 kt (5%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data43 kt (2%)
- Israel: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- Egypt: no crude data30 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.5 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jan 2025)
32.8 thousand tonnes
1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Israel33 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,252,278 | 88.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 129,409 | 5.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 50,882 | 2.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 42,523 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,818 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 29,953 | 1.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 525,128 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 397,268 | 17.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 296,197 | 13.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 275,987 | 12.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 180,434 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 172,379 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 150,249 | 6.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 138,909 | 6.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 129,409 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 115,728 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 42,523 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 32,818 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 29,953 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 14,556 | 28.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 11,257 | 22.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 9,523 | 18.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 5,096 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 4,395 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 2,481 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,480 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Greece | 1,308 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 787 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 455 | 83.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 168 | 54.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 65 | 21.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 37 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 34 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 31 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 30 | 5.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 29 | 37.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 22 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 21 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 15 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 13 | 4.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Germany | 10 | 37.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 10 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 7 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 7 | 8.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 5 | 6.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Germany | 4 | 16.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 4 | 5.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Germany | 3 | 12.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 3 | 1.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Germany | 3 | 11.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 3 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Germany | 2 | 8.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 2 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Germany | 1 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Germany | 1 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Germany | 1 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Germany | 1 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Germany | 0 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Germany's road diesel to Italy split by Germany's crude-import mix over 2024-11 to 2025-01. Confidence: medium. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-01 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-01 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2025-01, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-01 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-11 to 2025-01.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (138,909 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (129,409 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (42,523 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (32,818 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (29,953 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,500 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (823 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (34 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.