Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In May 2025, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,385 kt: 83% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (19%), Azerbaijan (16%) and Kazakhstan (13%), and 24% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya456 kt (est. 19%)Azerbaijan373 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan321 kt (est. 13%)United States118 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria105 kt (est. 4%)Iraq101 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia68 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins270 kt (est. 11%)Italy: crude not from imports207 kt (9%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data153 kt (6%)Egypt: no crude data90 kt (4%)Kuwait: no crude data50 kt (2%)Malta: no refinery33 kt (1%)Israel: no crude data33 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data4.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.98 Mt (83%)Saudi Arabia153 kt (6%)Egypt90 kt (4%)Kuwait50 kt (2%)Malta33 kt (1%)Greece33 kt (1%)Israel33 kt (1%)Netherlands7.1 kt (<1%)Türkiye4.3 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.9 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.4 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.39 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Kuwait
- Malta
- Greece
- Israel
- Netherlands
- Other (5)
- Libya456 kt (est. 19%)
- Azerbaijan373 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan321 kt (est. 13%)
- United States118 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria105 kt (est. 4%)
- Iraq101 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia68 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins270 kt (est. 11%)
- Italy: crude not from imports207 kt (9%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data153 kt (6%)
- Egypt: no crude data90 kt (4%)
- Kuwait: no crude data50 kt (2%)
- Malta: no refinery33 kt (1%)
- Israel: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data4.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports2.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (May 2025)
32.6 thousand tonnes
1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Israel33 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,980,706 | 83.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 153,465 | 6.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 90,251 | 3.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 49,998 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malta | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,886 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,763 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,583 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 7,108 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 4,323 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 451,158 | 22.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 371,720 | 18.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 311,882 | 15.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 262,940 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 206,576 | 10.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 153,465 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 117,023 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 104,572 | 5.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 90,806 | 4.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 90,251 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 64,029 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 49,998 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Malta: no refinery | Malta | 32,886 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 32,583 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 9,864 | 30.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 8,239 | 25.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 4,874 | 14.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 4,323 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 3,478 | 10.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 3,173 | 44.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,034 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Greece | 2,134 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Netherlands | 1,406 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,140 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 1,081 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 893 | 96.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 575 | 8.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 427 | 6.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 200 | 2.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 161 | 87.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 160 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 87 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 55 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 54 | 30.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 53 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 23 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 23 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 21 | 19.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 14 | 1.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 8 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 7 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 7 | 9.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 1 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-03 to 2025-05. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-05 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-05 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2025-05, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2025-05 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-03 to 2025-05.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (206,576 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (153,465 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (90,251 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (49,998 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malta: no refinery (32,886 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Israel: no crude data (32,583 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (4,378 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (2,148 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (433 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.