Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2023, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,157 kt: 93% from its own refineries; tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (15%), Libya (14%) and the United States (12%), and 16% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan334 kt (est. 15%)Libya308 kt (est. 14%)United States268 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan189 kt (est. 9%)Iraq186 kt (est. 9%)Saudi Arabia138 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria80 kt (est. 4%)Other crude origins318 kt (est. 15%)Italy: crude not from imports145 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data62 kt (3%)Kuwait: no crude data55 kt (3%)Italy: crude origin not reported47 kt (2%)Türkiye: no crude data27 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.01 Mt (93%)Saudi Arabia62 kt (3%)Kuwait55 kt (3%)Türkiye27 kt (1%)Slovakia0.3 kt (<1%)Belgiumless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.16 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Kuwait
- Türkiye
- Slovakia
- Belgium
- Azerbaijan334 kt (est. 15%)
- Libya308 kt (est. 14%)
- United States268 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan189 kt (est. 9%)
- Iraq186 kt (est. 9%)
- Saudi Arabia138 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria80 kt (est. 4%)
- Other crude origins318 kt (est. 15%)
- Italy: crude not from imports145 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data62 kt (3%)
- Kuwait: no crude data55 kt (3%)
- Italy: crude origin not reported47 kt (2%)
- Türkiye: no crude data27 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reportedless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2023)
27.0 thousand tonnes
1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Türkiye27 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,012,709 | 93.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 62,338 | 2.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 54,867 | 2.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 27,032 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 333,556 | 16.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 318,033 | 15.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 308,033 | 15.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 267,884 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 188,647 | 9.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 186,224 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 145,483 | 7.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 137,797 | 6.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 79,908 | 4.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 62,338 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 54,867 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 47,143 | 2.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 27,032 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 309 | 96.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 14 | 49.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 11 | 3.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 6 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 2 | 8.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 2 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 2 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 2 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 0 | 1.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2023-09 to 2023-11. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2023-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2023-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2023-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2023-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2023-09 to 2023-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (145,483 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (62,338 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (54,867 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude origin not reported (47,143 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Türkiye: no crude data (27,032 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (11 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (2 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.