Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2026, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,237 kt: 70% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (19%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (19%), Azerbaijan (10%) and Kazakhstan (7%), and 30% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya436 kt (est. 19%)Azerbaijan224 kt (est. 10%)Kazakhstan163 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia148 kt (est. 7%)United States136 kt (est. 6%)Iraq104 kt (est. 5%)Mexico54 kt (est. 2%)Other crude origins308 kt (est. 14%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data436 kt (19%)Italy: crude not from imports104 kt (5%)Origin not reported: crude unknown39 kt (2%)Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data31 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no refinery0.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.57 Mt (70%)Saudi Arabia436 kt (19%)Spain74 kt (3%)Türkiye33 kt (1%)Netherlands31 kt (1%)Egypt21 kt (<1%)Belgium19 kt (<1%)Albania10 kt (<1%)Slovenia0.6 kt (<1%)Imports, origin not reported39 kt (2%)Italy: road diesel supply2.24 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Spain
- Türkiye
- Netherlands
- Egypt
- Belgium
- Albania
- Other (2)
- Libya436 kt (est. 19%)
- Azerbaijan224 kt (est. 10%)
- Kazakhstan163 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia148 kt (est. 7%)
- United States136 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq104 kt (est. 5%)
- Mexico54 kt (est. 2%)
- Other crude origins308 kt (est. 14%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data436 kt (19%)
- Italy: crude not from imports104 kt (5%)
- Origin not reported: crude unknown39 kt (2%)
- Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data31 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported18 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no refinery0.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.4 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2026)
33.1 thousand tonnes
1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Türkiye33 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,574,394 | 70.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 435,608 | 19.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: road diesel supply | 73,574 | 3.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Imports, origin not reported | Italy: road diesel supply | 39,454 | 1.8% | Summed by usPublisher's import total minus the named partners. |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 33,075 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 30,653 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 20,978 | 0.9% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Italy: road diesel supply | 18,614 | 0.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Albania | Italy: road diesel supply | 10,000 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 435,608 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 427,153 | 27.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 243,555 | 15.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 224,446 | 14.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 156,670 | 10.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 143,320 | 9.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 116,205 | 7.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 104,485 | 6.6% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 96,961 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Italy (own refineries) | 45,833 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Origin not reported: crude unknown | Imports, origin not reported | 39,454 | 100.0% | UnknownThe statistics did not say which country these imports came from. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 35,474 | 48.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 33,075 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Egypt | 20,978 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 16,609 | 54.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 15,766 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 12,616 | 67.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Albania | 10,000 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Spain | 9,658 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 8,781 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Mexico | Spain | 8,138 | 11.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 6,913 | 22.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Spain | 4,869 | 6.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 3,684 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 3,561 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 2,738 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 2,292 | 7.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 2,138 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,442 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 1,301 | 7.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 776 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no refinery | Slovenia | 610 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 566 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 446 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 355 | 0.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Mexico | Netherlands | 230 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 202 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Netherlands | 52 | 0.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2026-01 to 2026-03. Confidence: medium. |
One flow with a share under 0.1% is not listed here. It is still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2026-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2026-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2026-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2026-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2026-01 to 2026-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (435,608 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (104,485 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Origin not reported: crude unknown (39,454 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Türkiye: no crude data (33,075 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (30,978 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (18,058 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no refinery (610 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (355 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Imports, origin not reported (39,454 t): The statistics did not say which country these imports came from.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.