Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In February 2025, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,116 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (20%), Kazakhstan (11%) and Azerbaijan (10%), and 19% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya418 kt (est. 20%)Kazakhstan229 kt (est. 11%)Azerbaijan217 kt (est. 10%)Iraq152 kt (est. 7%)Saudi Arabia137 kt (est. 6%)United States111 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria101 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins349 kt (est. 17%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data152 kt (7%)Egypt: no crude data93 kt (4%)Italy: crude not from imports89 kt (4%)Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (2%)Israel: no crude data33 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.74 Mt (82%)Saudi Arabia152 kt (7%)Egypt93 kt (4%)Greece65 kt (3%)Türkiye33 kt (2%)Israel33 kt (2%)France5.0 kt (<1%)Belgium0.4 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.1 kt (<1%)Netherlands0.1 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.12 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Greece
- Türkiye
- Israel
- France
- Belgium
- Other (4)
- Libya418 kt (est. 20%)
- Kazakhstan229 kt (est. 11%)
- Azerbaijan217 kt (est. 10%)
- Iraq152 kt (est. 7%)
- Saudi Arabia137 kt (est. 6%)
- United States111 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria101 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins349 kt (est. 17%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data152 kt (7%)
- Egypt: no crude data93 kt (4%)
- Italy: crude not from imports89 kt (4%)
- Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (2%)
- Israel: no crude data33 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported2.0 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Feb 2025)
88.6 thousand tonnes
4% of Italy's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Italy (own refineries)89 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,735,191 | 82.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 151,787 | 7.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 93,056 | 4.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 64,587 | 3.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,979 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,891 | 1.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Italy: road diesel supply | 4,965 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 403,628 | 23.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 343,791 | 19.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 216,103 | 12.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 209,508 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 151,787 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 131,967 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 131,291 | 7.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 109,500 | 6.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 100,836 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 93,056 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 88,566 | 5.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 32,979 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 32,891 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Greece | 19,724 | 30.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 18,721 | 29.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 13,808 | 21.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 5,542 | 8.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 3,694 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Greece | 1,866 | 2.9% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1,437 | 28.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 1,288 | 25.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,232 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 608 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 583 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 397 | 8.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 359 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 223 | 50.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 163 | 3.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| United States | Belgium | 85 | 19.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 74 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 72 | 89.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 59 | 1.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 48 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 38 | 0.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 35 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 29 | 38.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 27 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 22 | 4.8% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 21 | 38.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 20 | 26.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 15 | 3.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 15 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 9 | 11.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 9 | 15.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 7 | 12.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 6 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 6 | 11.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 6 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 6 | 7.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 5 | 6.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 5 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 4 | 0.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 4 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 3 | 3.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 2 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 2 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 2 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 1 | 2.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 1 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 1 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-12 to 2025-02. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 0 | 0.4% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 0 | 0.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
5 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-02 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-02 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2025-02, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-02 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-12 to 2025-02.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (151,787 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (93,056 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (88,566 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Türkiye: no crude data (32,979 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (32,891 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,958 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (166 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (74 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.