Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In June 2025, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,358 kt: 82% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (10%) and Egypt (5%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (16%), Azerbaijan (16%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 28% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya380 kt (est. 16%)Azerbaijan377 kt (est. 16%)Kazakhstan291 kt (est. 12%)United States112 kt (est. 5%)Iraq100 kt (est. 4%)Saudi Arabia99 kt (est. 4%)Nigeria79 kt (est. 3%)Other crude origins255 kt (est. 11%)Italy: crude not from imports240 kt (10%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data239 kt (10%)Egypt: no crude data123 kt (5%)Kuwait: no crude data49 kt (2%)Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.92 Mt (82%)Saudi Arabia239 kt (10%)Egypt123 kt (5%)Kuwait49 kt (2%)Singapore7.9 kt (<1%)Türkiye5.6 kt (<1%)France4.9 kt (<1%)Netherlands4.1 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.9 kt (<1%)Belgium0.3 kt (<1%)United Kingdom0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.36 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Kuwait
- Singapore
- Türkiye
- France
- Netherlands
- Other (3)
- Libya380 kt (est. 16%)
- Azerbaijan377 kt (est. 16%)
- Kazakhstan291 kt (est. 12%)
- United States112 kt (est. 5%)
- Iraq100 kt (est. 4%)
- Saudi Arabia99 kt (est. 4%)
- Nigeria79 kt (est. 3%)
- Other crude origins255 kt (est. 11%)
- Italy: crude not from imports240 kt (10%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data239 kt (10%)
- Egypt: no crude data123 kt (5%)
- Kuwait: no crude data49 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data14 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.4 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.2 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jun 2025)
207 tonnes
<1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- France0.2 kt (95%)
- Slovakialess than 0.1 kt (5%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,922,843 | 81.6% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 238,792 | 10.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 122,790 | 5.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 49,491 | 2.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Singapore | Italy: road diesel supply | 7,937 | 0.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 5,600 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Italy: road diesel supply | 4,949 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 4,058 | 0.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 378,731 | 19.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 376,797 | 19.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 289,740 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 251,472 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 239,715 | 12.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 238,792 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 122,790 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 110,208 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 99,421 | 5.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 98,883 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 77,877 | 4.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kuwait: no crude data | Kuwait | 49,491 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Singapore | 7,937 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 5,600 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 1,751 | 43.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 1,196 | 24.2% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 984 | 19.9% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 908 | 22.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 834 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 816 | 91.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 628 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 585 | 11.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 496 | 12.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 331 | 8.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 312 | 7.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | France | 276 | 5.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 196 | 4.0% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 188 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 147 | 55.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 102 | 2.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 95 | 2.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 64 | 7.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 62 | 1.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 62 | 1.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 56 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 45 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 40 | 15.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 13 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Slovakia | 10 | 1.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Libya | Belgium | 8 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 6 | 2.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 4 | 1.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 4 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-04 to 2025-06. Confidence: medium. |
4 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-06 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-06 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2025-06, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-06 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-04 to 2025-06.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Italy: crude not from imports (239,715 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (238,792 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Egypt: no crude data (122,790 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Kuwait: no crude data (49,491 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (13,593 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (378 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (207 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.