Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In November 2024, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,553 kt: 78% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (8%) and Saudi Arabia (7%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Azerbaijan (13%), Libya (12%) and Kazakhstan (11%), and 25% cannot be traced.
Country
Azerbaijan326 kt (est. 13%)Libya306 kt (est. 12%)Kazakhstan271 kt (est. 11%)United States189 kt (est. 7%)Iraq161 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia147 kt (est. 6%)Nigeria143 kt (est. 6%)Other crude origins364 kt (est. 14%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data206 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data174 kt (7%)Italy: crude not from imports127 kt (5%)Egypt: no crude data61 kt (2%)Malta: no refinery39 kt (2%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude data19 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.00 Mt (78%)United Arab Emirates206 kt (8%)Saudi Arabia174 kt (7%)Egypt61 kt (2%)Malta39 kt (2%)Spain33 kt (1%)Kuwait18 kt (<1%)France14 kt (<1%)Belgium10 kt (<1%)Slovakia0.7 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.2 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.55 Mt (100%)
Tap a country to follow its flows. Tap it again, or use the close button, to clear.
Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- Malta
- Spain
- Kuwait
- France
- Other (5)
- Azerbaijan326 kt (est. 13%)
- Libya306 kt (est. 12%)
- Kazakhstan271 kt (est. 11%)
- United States189 kt (est. 7%)
- Iraq161 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia147 kt (est. 6%)
- Nigeria143 kt (est. 6%)
- Other crude origins364 kt (est. 14%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data206 kt (8%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data174 kt (7%)
- Italy: crude not from imports127 kt (5%)
- Egypt: no crude data61 kt (2%)
- Malta: no refinery39 kt (2%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported23 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data19 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.8 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Nov 2024)
22.7 thousand tonnes
<1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Italy (own refineries)20 kt (87%)
- Spain1.1 kt (5%)
- Belgium1.1 kt (5%)
and 2 more in the table above
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,998,479 | 78.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Italy: road diesel supply | 205,659 | 8.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 173,516 | 6.8% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 60,547 | 2.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Malta | Italy: road diesel supply | 38,723 | 1.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Spain | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,938 | 1.3% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Kuwait | Italy: road diesel supply | 18,478 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| France | Italy: road diesel supply | 14,017 | 0.5% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Belgium | Italy: road diesel supply | 10,020 | 0.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 336,285 | 16.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 324,988 | 16.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 303,763 | 15.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 266,700 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 205,659 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 178,646 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 173,516 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 157,654 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 145,058 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 138,876 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 126,661 | 6.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 60,547 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Malta: no refinery | Malta | 38,723 | 100.0% | UnknownThe supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Italy (own refineries) | 19,848 | 1.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Kuwait | 18,478 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Spain | 17,616 | 53.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 5,263 | 52.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Spain | 4,950 | 15.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 3,896 | 27.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | France | 3,540 | 25.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Spain | 2,482 | 7.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Spain | 1,791 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Spain | 1,785 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 1,701 | 12.1% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 1,539 | 15.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 1,371 | 9.8% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 1,350 | 9.6% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Spain | 1,220 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Spain | 1,146 | 3.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 1,125 | 11.2% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Iraq | Spain | 1,041 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 890 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 770 | 5.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 628 | 85.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 620 | 4.4% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Spain | 544 | 1.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 523 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 511 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Spain | 363 | 1.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Spain's road diesel to Italy split by Spain's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 320 | 3.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 298 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | France | 150 | 1.1% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 96 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Slovakia | 80 | 10.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Belgium | 74 | 0.7% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 50 | 78.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 49 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 29 | 42.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 27 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 15 | 23.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 12 | 16.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 10 | 14.1% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 5 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 3 | 5.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 3 | 5.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 3 | 3.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2024-09 to 2024-11. Confidence: medium. |
2 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2024-11 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2024-11 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2024-11, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Countries without a crude refinery can appear under "Last shipped from": the importing country's statistics record where the fuel arrived from. It was refined elsewhere and either sold on or passed through that country's terminals; the statistics do not say which, or where it was refined.
Month: 2024-11 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2024-09 to 2024-11.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (205,659 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (173,516 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (126,661 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Egypt: no crude data (60,547 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Malta: no refinery (38,723 t): The supplying country has no crude oil refinery (a cited confirmed zero), so the fuel was made elsewhere and passed through. We look back one step only.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (22,748 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (18,527 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (772 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.