Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In March 2025, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,415 kt: 79% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from the United Arab Emirates (7%) and Saudi Arabia (6%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (19%), Kazakhstan (12%) and Azerbaijan (11%), and 22% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya471 kt (est. 19%)Kazakhstan280 kt (est. 12%)Azerbaijan267 kt (est. 11%)United States137 kt (est. 6%)Iraq133 kt (est. 6%)Saudi Arabia118 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria110 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins361 kt (est. 15%)United Arab Emirates: no crude data162 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data144 kt (6%)Italy: crude not from imports125 kt (5%)Egypt: no crude data40 kt (2%)Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (1%)Israel: no crude data33 kt (1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)1.91 Mt (79%)United Arab Emirates162 kt (7%)Saudi Arabia144 kt (6%)Greece64 kt (3%)Egypt40 kt (2%)Türkiye33 kt (1%)Israel33 kt (1%)Netherlands25 kt (1%)Slovakia0.4 kt (<1%)Belgium0.2 kt (<1%)Other suppliers0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.41 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- United Arab Emirates
- Saudi Arabia
- Greece
- Egypt
- Türkiye
- Israel
- Netherlands
- Other (4)
- Libya471 kt (est. 19%)
- Kazakhstan280 kt (est. 12%)
- Azerbaijan267 kt (est. 11%)
- United States137 kt (est. 6%)
- Iraq133 kt (est. 6%)
- Saudi Arabia118 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria110 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins361 kt (est. 15%)
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data162 kt (7%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data144 kt (6%)
- Italy: crude not from imports125 kt (5%)
- Egypt: no crude data40 kt (2%)
- Türkiye: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- Israel: no crude data33 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported1.6 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports0.3 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude dataless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Mar 2025)
less than 50 tonnes
<1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Other suppliersless than 0.1 kt (100%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 1,911,912 | 79.2% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| United Arab Emirates | Italy: road diesel supply | 162,176 | 6.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 144,356 | 6.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Greece | Italy: road diesel supply | 64,426 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 39,881 | 1.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,963 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Israel | Italy: road diesel supply | 32,956 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Netherlands | Italy: road diesel supply | 25,172 | 1.0% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 454,347 | 23.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 345,661 | 18.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 264,573 | 13.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 257,281 | 13.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United Arab Emirates: no crude data | United Arab Emirates | 162,176 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 144,356 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 131,721 | 6.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 124,546 | 6.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 113,846 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 111,425 | 5.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 108,511 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 39,881 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Türkiye: no crude data | Türkiye | 32,963 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Israel: no crude data | Israel | 32,956 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Kazakhstan | Greece | 19,020 | 29.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Greece | 17,052 | 26.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Greece | 15,417 | 23.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 9,461 | 37.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Greece | 5,983 | 9.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 5,204 | 20.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Greece | 5,005 | 7.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 3,688 | 14.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 1,979 | 7.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Greece | 1,948 | 3.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Greece's road diesel to Italy split by Greece's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 1,595 | 6.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 1,515 | 6.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Netherlands | 922 | 3.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 473 | 1.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 383 | 94.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Netherlands | 335 | 1.3% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 112 | 47.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 39 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 32 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Other suppliers | 29 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 22 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 17 | 7.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 15 | 6.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 12 | 4.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Other suppliers | 10 | 37.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 5 | 2.0% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | Other suppliers | 4 | 16.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Belgium | 3 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Other suppliers | 3 | 11.0% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 3 | 1.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Other suppliers | 3 | 10.5% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Libya | Other suppliers | 3 | 10.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Other suppliers | 1 | 4.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude not from imports | Other suppliers | 1 | 3.2% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Azerbaijan | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Other suppliers | 1 | 2.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Other suppliers | 0 | 1.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Other suppliers's road diesel to Italy split by Other suppliers's crude-import mix over 2025-01 to 2025-03. Confidence: medium. |
3 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-03 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-03 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2025-03, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-03 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-01 to 2025-03.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- United Arab Emirates: no crude data (162,176 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (144,356 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (124,546 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Egypt: no crude data (39,881 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Türkiye: no crude data (32,963 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Israel: no crude data (32,956 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (1,603 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (336 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (29 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.