Flows
How oil reaches each country
Where the EU’s crude oil and fuel come from, as each member state reports its imports; every band’s width is proportional to tonnes.
In July 2025, Italy's road diesel supply was 2,699 kt: 84% from its own refineries, with imports mainly from Saudi Arabia (11%); tracing one step back, the crude behind it is estimated to come mainly from Libya (17%), Azerbaijan (15%) and Kazakhstan (12%), and 25% cannot be traced.
Country
Libya462 kt (est. 17%)Azerbaijan396 kt (est. 15%)Kazakhstan336 kt (est. 12%)Iraq142 kt (est. 5%)Saudi Arabia139 kt (est. 5%)United States129 kt (est. 5%)Nigeria124 kt (est. 5%)Other crude origins305 kt (est. 11%)Saudi Arabia: no crude data300 kt (11%)Italy: crude not from imports239 kt (9%)Egypt: no crude data73 kt (3%)United States: no crude data37 kt (1%)Smaller flows: no crude data18 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy (own refineries)2.27 Mt (84%)Saudi Arabia300 kt (11%)Egypt73 kt (3%)United States37 kt (1%)Türkiye18 kt (<1%)Slovakia1.4 kt (<1%)Netherlands1.1 kt (<1%)Belgium0.4 kt (<1%)United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Franceless than 0.1 kt (<1%)Italy: road diesel supply2.70 Mt (100%)
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Crude origin (estimate)
- Colour = where it went:
- Italy (own refineries)
- Saudi Arabia
- Egypt
- United States
- Türkiye
- Slovakia
- Netherlands
- Belgium
- Other (2)
- Libya462 kt (est. 17%)
- Azerbaijan396 kt (est. 15%)
- Kazakhstan336 kt (est. 12%)
- Iraq142 kt (est. 5%)
- Saudi Arabia139 kt (est. 5%)
- United States129 kt (est. 5%)
- Nigeria124 kt (est. 5%)
- Other crude origins305 kt (est. 11%)
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data300 kt (11%)
- Italy: crude not from imports239 kt (9%)
- Egypt: no crude data73 kt (3%)
- United States: no crude data37 kt (1%)
- Smaller flows: no crude data18 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported0.1 kt (<1%)
- Smaller flows: crude not from importsless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Last shipped from
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
Crude behind this road diesel, an estimate (Jul 2025)
18.0 thousand tonnes
<1% of Italy's road diesel supply
Unknown
Last shipped from
- Türkiye18 kt (100%)
- United Kingdomless than 0.1 kt (<1%)
Source: Fuel Origin fuel-chain look-through (docs/HORMUZ_METHOD.md section 8), built on Eurostat nrg_ti_oilm and nrg_cb_oilm
- Reported (solid)
- Our arithmetic on reported figures (dotted)
- Estimated crude behind the fuel (dashed)
- Cannot be traced (hatched)
The numbers as a table
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Italy (own refineries) | Italy: road diesel supply | 2,268,342 | 84.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_cb_oilm (refinery output) |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy: road diesel supply | 300,340 | 11.1% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Egypt | Italy: road diesel supply | 72,698 | 2.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| United States | Italy: road diesel supply | 36,509 | 1.4% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| Türkiye | Italy: road diesel supply | 17,949 | 0.7% | ReportedEurostat nrg_ti_oilm (imports by partner country, energy basis) |
| From | To | Tonnes | Share | How we know |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Libya | Italy (own refineries) | 462,119 | 20.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Italy (own refineries) | 396,204 | 17.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Italy (own refineries) | 335,426 | 14.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Italy (own refineries) | 303,154 | 13.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia: no crude data | Saudi Arabia | 300,340 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Italy: crude not from imports | Italy (own refineries) | 239,156 | 10.5% | UnknownThe refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix. |
| Iraq | Italy (own refineries) | 141,436 | 6.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Italy (own refineries) | 138,467 | 6.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Italy (own refineries) | 128,815 | 5.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Italy (own refineries) | 123,565 | 5.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Italy's road diesel to Italy split by Italy's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Egypt: no crude data | Egypt | 72,698 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| United States: no crude data | United States | 36,509 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | Türkiye | 17,949 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Other crude origins | Slovakia | 1,225 | 90.2% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Netherlands | 475 | 41.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Netherlands | 222 | 19.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | Belgium | 195 | 54.5% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | Netherlands | 148 | 13.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | Slovakia | 132 | 9.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Slovakia's road diesel to Italy split by Slovakia's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Netherlands | 101 | 8.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Netherlands | 94 | 8.3% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Kazakhstan | Belgium | 68 | 19.1% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Netherlands | 67 | 5.9% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| United States | Belgium | 49 | 13.7% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: no crude data | United Kingdom | 39 | 100.0% | UnknownWe hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on. |
| Saudi Arabia | Netherlands | 28 | 2.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Netherlands's road diesel to Italy split by Netherlands's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | Belgium | 17 | 4.8% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | Belgium | 12 | 3.3% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Other crude origins | France | 6 | 26.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | Belgium | 6 | 1.6% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | Belgium | 6 | 1.6% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| United States | France | 5 | 22.0% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Azerbaijan | Belgium | 5 | 1.4% | EstimatedEstimate: Belgium's road diesel to Italy split by Belgium's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Kazakhstan | France | 3 | 13.3% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Libya | France | 3 | 12.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Nigeria | France | 3 | 10.5% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Iraq | France | 2 | 7.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Saudi Arabia | France | 1 | 4.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
| Smaller flows: crude origin not reported | France | 0 | 1.7% | UnknownThe supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from. |
| Azerbaijan | France | 0 | 0.7% | EstimatedEstimate: France's road diesel to Italy split by France's crude-import mix over 2025-05 to 2025-07. Confidence: medium. |
6 flows with a share under 0.1% are not listed here. They are still counted in every total and drawn in the diagram, and the CSV under Source & method lists every flow.
Source & method
Source Period 2025-07 (month)Updated 2026-09-26 13:30 UTCConfidenceMediumMethodologyDownload CSV
EurostatInferred · medium
Provenance
Inferred · mediumMedium- Publisher
- Eurostat
- Dataset id
- Imports of oil and petroleum products by partner country, monthly data (refined products)nrg_ti_oilmeurostat_nrg_ti_oilm_products
- Period
- 2025-07 (month)
- Retrieved
- 2026-09-23 12:11 UTC
- Type
- Inferred · medium
- Transformation
- none applied - stored exactly as published
- Licence
- Commission Decision 2011/833/EU - reuse authorised provided the source is acknowledged
- Supplier -> country links are published figures (OFFICIAL; the unattributed remainder and any 'Other suppliers' sum are CALCULATED).
- Crude -> supplier links are an estimate (INFERRED) from each supplier's crude-import mix; the published crude imports behind each one are in links[].evidence.
- Untraceable volumes are explicit UNKNOWN nodes with their cause. They are never spread over the traced origins.
Left: the crude oil behind the fuel (an estimate). Middle: the country’s own refineries and the countries the fuel was last shipped from, which may be a trading hub rather than where it was refined; the estimate treats each as the refiner. Right: Italy’s supply of road diesel in 2025-07, in tonnes of fuel. Only the middle-to-right flows are reported figures.
Month: 2025-07 (requested). Crude mixes are pooled over 2025-05 to 2025-07.
Fuel that cannot be traced, and the reason
- Saudi Arabia: no crude data (300,340 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Italy: crude not from imports (239,156 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Egypt: no crude data (72,698 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- United States: no crude data (36,509 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: no crude data (17,988 t): We hold no crude import statistics for the supplying country, and we do not assume what its refineries run on.
- Smaller flows: crude origin not reported (100 t): The supplying country's statistics did not say where part of its crude came from.
- Smaller flows: crude not from imports (1 t): The refineries used more crude than the country imported (its own production or stocks). That part is not traced rather than being filled with the import mix.
- Only the supplier -> country links are reported figures. The crude -> supplier links are an estimate: each supplier's fuel is split by that supplier's own crude-import mix over the latest three months.
- Exports are assumed to be drawn from every source in proportion to its share of supply.
- The chain looks back one country only. Imports are counted under the country the fuel was last shipped from; where that country has refineries, fuel that only passed through it is traced as if it had been refined there.
- Widths are tonnes of this fuel, not tonnes of crude oil: a refinery makes several products from each tonne of crude.